Table 5
Logistic regression model: risk factors for childhood anaemia (defined as haemoglobin (Hb) <11 g/dL) and population-attributable fraction (PAF)
| Risk factor | OR | 95% CI | PAF (%) | 95% CI |
| Demographic | 11.3 | (10.5 to 12.2) | ||
| Age (months) | ||||
| 6–11 | 2.90*** | (2.66 to 3.16) | ||
| 12–23 | 2.12*** | (2.00 to 2.23) | ||
| 23–59 | – | |||
| Male sex | 1.12*** | (1.08 to 1.17) | ||
| Environmental | 1.3 | (0.3 to 2.3) | ||
| Urban location | 1.06* | (1.00 to 1.13) | ||
| Improved floor | 1.06* | (1.00 to 1.13) | ||
| Clean cooking fuel | 0.99 | (0.90 to 1.10) | ||
| Socioeconomic | 13.0 | (10.7 to 15.3) | ||
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poorest | 1.61*** | (1.46 to 1.79) | ||
| Poorer | 1.48*** | (1.35 to 1.63) | ||
| Middle | 1.40*** | (1.28 to 1.52) | ||
| Richer | 1.25*** | (1.16 to 1.35) | ||
| Richest | – | |||
| Maternal illiteracy | 1.19*** | (1.13 to 1.25) | ||
| Family structure | 10.7 | (6.6 to 14.6) | ||
| Number of household members | ||||
| 0–3 | – | |||
| 4–6 | 1.06 | (0.98 to 1.13) | ||
| 7–9 | 1.16*** | (1.07 to 1.25) | ||
| 10–12 | 1.20*** | (1.10 to 1.32) | ||
| 12+ | 1.28*** | (1.16 to 1.42) | ||
| Product of multiple birth | 1.08 | (0.95 to 1.24) | ||
| Birth order | ||||
| 1 | 1.29*** | (1.16 to 1.43) | ||
| 2 | 1.20*** | (1.08 to 1.33) | ||
| 3+ | – | |||
| Water/sanitation | 4.0 | (2.1 to 5.9) | ||
| Unimproved toilet | 1.04 | (0.98 to 1.09) | ||
| Lack of clean drinking water | 1.04 | (0.99 to 1.09) | ||
| Water source located off premises | 1.12*** | (1.05 to 1.19) | ||
| Nutrition and growth | 6.8 | (2.6 to 10.8) | ||
| Stunted | 1.32*** | (1.27 to 1.38) | ||
| Currently or ever breast fed | 1.11 | (0.98 to 1.26) | ||
| Maternal factors | 16.8 | (11.9 to 21.4) | ||
| Mother’s age (years) | ||||
| ≤18 | 1.30*** | (1.13 to 1.48) | ||
| 19–24 | 1.23*** | (1.16 to 1.31) | ||
| 25–28 | 1.13*** | (1.07 to 1.20) | ||
| 29–34 | 1.06 | (1.00 to 1.12) | ||
| 35+ | – | |||
| Mother’s BMI | ||||
| <18.5 | 1.20*** | (1.10 to 1.30) | ||
| 18.5–24.9 | 1.13*** | (1.07 to 1.19) | ||
| >24.9 | – | |||
| Mother not currently pregnant or unsure | 1.04 | (1.00 to 1.107) | ||
| Maternal anaemia | 1.85*** | (1.76 to 1.95) | ||
| No anaemia | – | |||
| Mild anaemia (Hb<11 g/dL) | 1.64*** | (1.55 to 1.73) | ||
| Moderate anaemia (Hb<10 g/dL) | 2.10*** | (1.98 to 2.22) | ||
| Severe anaemia (Hb<7 g/dL) | 2.35*** | (1.95 to 2.83) | ||
| Maternal deworming during pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | – | |||
| No, don’t know or NA (age>12 months) | 1.05 | (0.93 to 1.18) | ||
| Age>12 months (NA) | – | |||
| Recent illnesses | 3.2 | (2.8 to 3.6) | ||
| Diarrhoea in the past two weeks | ||||
| No | – | |||
| Non-bloody diarrhoea | 1.11** | (1.04 to 1.18) | ||
| Bloody diarrhoea | 1.21** | (1.07 to 1.36) | ||
| Fever in the past two weeks | 1.42*** | (1.35 to 1.49) | ||
| Prophylactic measures | 1.0 | (0.3 to 1.8) | ||
| No deworming treatment | 1.06** | (1.02 to 1.11) | ||
| Overall model PAF | 67.8 | (61.3 to 73.2) |
Model adjusted for country as fixed effect. No OR (−) listed for reference groups included in table.
*p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001.
BMI, body mass index; NA, not available.
Vol 14 Issue 4
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