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Surgery
Research
Impact of comorbid conditions on outcomes of hip and knee replacement surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  1. Bélène Podmore1,2,
  2. Andrew Hutchings1,2,
  3. Jan van der Meulen1,2,
  4. Ajay Aggarwal1,2,
  5. Sujith Konan3
  1. 1 Department of Health Services Research & Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
  2. 2 Clinical Effectiveness Unit, The Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, UK
  3. 3 Orthopaedics and Trauma, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
  1. Correspondence to Bélène Podmore; belene.podmore{at}lshtm.ac.uk

Abstract

Objective To systematically perform a meta-analysis of the association between different comorbid conditions on safety (short-term outcomes) and effectiveness (long-term outcomes) in patients undergoing hip and knee replacement surgery.

Design Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods Medline, Embase and CINAHL Plus were searched up to May 2017. We included all studies that reported data to allow the calculation of a pooled OR for the impact of 11 comorbid conditions on 10 outcomes (including surgical complications, readmissions, mortality, function, health-related quality of life, pain and revision surgery). The quality of included studies was assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Continuous outcomes were converted to ORs using the Hasselblad and Hedges approach. Results were combined using a random-effects meta-analysis.

Outcomes The primary outcome was the adjusted OR for the impact of each 11 comorbid condition on each of the 10 outcomes compared with patients without the comorbid condition. Where the adjusted OR was not available the secondary outcome was the crude OR.

Results 70 studies were included with 16 (23%) reporting on at least 100 000 patients and 9 (13%) were of high quality. We found that comorbidities increased the short-term risk of hospital readmissions (8 of 11 conditions) and mortality (8 of 11 conditions). The impact on surgical complications was inconsistent across comorbid conditions. In the long term, comorbid conditions increased the risk of revision surgery (6 of 11 conditions) and long-term mortality (7 of 11 conditions). The long-term impact on function, quality of life and pain varied across comorbid conditions.

Conclusions This systematic review shows that comorbidities predominantly have an impact on the safety of hip and knee replacement surgery but little impact on its effectiveness. There is a need for high-quality studies also considering the severity of comorbid conditions.

  • hip
  • knee
  • outcomes
  • comorbidity
  • systematic review

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021784

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    Strengths and limitations of this study

    • This study went beyond published reviews by analysing the relative impact of individual comorbid conditions on multiple outcomes that relate to safety and effectiveness of hip and knee replacement surgery.

    • Further to previous studies, to allow for meta-analysis of all outcomes, continuous outcomes were converted to the corresponding OR using the Hasselblad and Hedges approach.

    • The search was limited to include specific comorbidities and outcomes so studies may have been missed.

    • To enable a meta-analysis of the multiple conditions and outcomes, comorbid conditions and outcomes were grouped together and may have compromised the validity of the conclusions.

    Introduction

    Hip and knee replacement surgery, the surgical replacement of a joint, is one of the most successful and cost-effective interventions in medicine.1 It offers considerable improvement in function and quality of life.2 It is expected that the demand for hip and knee replacement will increase as the prevalence of hip and knee osteoarthritis rises due to increases in life expectancy.3

    There has been increasing interest in identifying the risk factors for poor outcomes of elective joint replacement to be able to optimise patients and improve outcomes. Previous research has reported variation in the use of hip and knee replacement according to socioeconomic status,4 sex,5 insurance status,6 ethnicity7 and geography.8 This variation may be explained in part by the lack of consensus among clinicians about the clinical indications for joint replacement surgery.9

    Comorbid conditions, conditions that are present in addition to the index condition but are unrelated to the latter, are on the rise around the world as more people are living with multiple morbidities. In a large US study using administrative data, 83.7% patients who had undergone hip or knee replacement had at least one comorbid condition.10 This is higher than in the general population where in 2012 only 49.8% of US adults had at least one comorbid condition.11 As the prevalence of people living with multiple morbidities increases with age, it is expected that the number of patients undergoing elective hip and knee replacement with at least one comorbid condition will increase.12

    There have been a number of studies reporting the impact of comorbidity on outcomes after hip and knee replacement.13–15 There is little evidence, however, to which extent different individual comorbid conditions affect a variety of outcomes that relate not just to the safety of the surgery but also long-term outcomes such as quality of life after hip and knee replacement surgery. Previous systematic reviews on comorbid conditions and outcomes of hip and knee replacement have typically focused on individual comorbidities,16 specific outcomes,17 process measures and cost,18 short-term outcomes following hip and knee replacement or the overall impact of composite comorbidity indices on outcomes.14

    This study provides evidence of the impact of different individual comorbid conditions on a wide range of surgical outcomes, including short-term outcomes related to the ‘safety’ of the surgery and long-term outcomes related to the ‘effectiveness’ of the surgery.

    The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesise the literature on the impact of different individual comorbid conditions on short-term and long-term outcomes of hip and knee replacement surgery.

    Methods

    Patient and public involvement

    This systematic review forms part of a wider piece of work investigating the access to and outcomes of hip and knee replacement surgery for patients with comorbidities. The protocol, including the systematic review, was reviewed by patient representatives on the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) North Thames Patient and Public Involvement committee. Their comments and feedback were incorporated in the protocol.

    Literature search

    A search of Medline, Embase and CINAHL Plus was conducted up to 31 May 2017 to identify studies written in English. Limitations were not placed on date. Search terms for hip and knee replacement were combined with search terms for health outcomes and search terms for 11 common comorbid conditions: heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, leg pain due to poor circulation, lung disease, diabetes, kidney disease, diseases of the nervous system, liver disease, cancer and depression (see online supplementary information 1). The conditions were selected because they are the comorbid conditions that are routinely captured in the national Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) programme for patients undergoing elective surgery in the English National Health Service and were considered relevant comorbidities in terms of outcome prediction.19 Where possible MeSH or index terms were used. All the titles, selected abstracts and full-text articles were reviewed for eligibility by two reviewers (BP, AA). Data extraction was conducted by BP and checked by AH. Any disagreements were resolved by two reviewers (JvdM, AH). The reference lists of existing systematic reviews and included studies were also checked for additional eligible articles.

    Supplementary file 1

    Eligibility criteria and data extraction

    We included published full-text observational (either prospective or retrospective) studies in the English language that compared the outcomes of hip or knee replacement in patients with and without any of the 11 comorbid conditions. Studies were ineligible if they used a summary comorbidity index (eg, Charlson Comorbidity Index) or a single count of comorbidities because the aim of our study was to understand the impact of individual comorbid conditions. Studies, including other joint replacements, were only eligible if hip and/or knee replacement represented at least 90% of participants or if results were reported separately. Small studies, those with fewer than 100 participants, were excluded because hip and knee replacement are common procedures and the selected comorbid conditions are relatively common. Studies were ineligible if they failed to include at least one of the following outcomes: surgical complications, mortality, function, pain, health-related quality of life, hospital readmission and revision surgery.

    Information on the study design, population and measures of association was extracted for eligible studies. Data were extracted on the participants (type of surgery), source of study data, the specific condition and the definition of the outcome for each reported association between a comorbid condition and outcome in a study (see online supplementary information 2). In addition, data were also extracted on the measure of association and its uncertainty and, for adjusted measures, the variables used in the adjusted analysis. Where possible, data on counts or means were used to calculate measures of association that had not been reported in the original study. Studies that indicated the statistical significance or otherwise of an association without reporting a quantitative metric were also recorded. Data were verified by a third reviewer (JvdM).

    Ten categories of outcome were defined. Five short-term outcomes, those occurring closest to 3 months after surgery, were: surgical complications, occurrence of venous thromboembolism (VTE), surgical site infections, readmission to hospital and mortality. Surgical complications were defined as the presence of any surgical complication as reported in a study. Two commonly reported surgical complications, VTE and infection, were also examined separately. Five long-term outcomes closest to 1 year postoperatively were: measures of hip or knee function, patient-reported quality of life, pain, revision surgery and mortality. We defined short-term outcomes as maximum 3 months and long-term outcomes as closest to 1 year after surgery because this reflected the definitions of outcomes used in the included studies and our judgement of events that reflect safety and effectiveness. For function and quality of life, they were only eligible for inclusion if analyses incorporated adjustment for preoperative scores or if similarity of preoperative scores was demonstrated. This was to ensure that the outcome captures the impact of surgery rather than any preoperative difference in score.

    Quality assessment

    The internal and external validity of the studies was appraised using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS)20 that was modified to meet the requirements of this study (see box 1). Two reviewers (BP, AH) examined three items: patient selection, comparability of exposure and reference groups, and assessment of outcomes. For the comparability between the two groups, we focused on the following variables that previous studies have identified as predictors of various outcomes of hip and knee replacement surgery: age, sex, socioeconomic status and ethnicity. We added an extra item to assess the comparability of the cohorts on the basis of whether the cohort of patients were drawn from multiple centres or a single centre and whether the data sources were from specialist arthroplasty databases. The total possible score was 13. A study with a score of 11 or greater was considered high quality (see online supplementary information 3). This was to ensure we only included the highest quality studies and excluded those where there were concerns with cohort selection, confounding and outcome assessment.

    Box 1

    Study quality appraisal using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale*

    Patient selection

    1. Was the cohort of patients undergoing hip or knee replacement surgery with comorbid conditions representative?

    2. Was the reference cohort for patients without comorbid conditions drawn from the same community?

    3. Was the presence of comorbid conditions adequately verified? (Yes=secure record or structured interview/self-report.)

    4. Did the study demonstrate that the outcome of interest was not present at the start of the study?

    5. Was the cohort or patients drawn from multiple communities?

    Comparability

    1.  Did the study control for age and sex?

    2.  Did the study control for socioeconomic status and ethnicity?

    Outcome assessment

    1.  Was the outcome of interest clearly defined? (Yes=study specific/self-report, joint registry, No=administrative data.)

    2.  Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur? (Yes=short term minimum 30 days, long term minimum 6 months.)

    3.  Was follow-up adequate? (Yes=completed follow up >90%.)

    • *Studies were graded on an ordinal scoring scale with higher scores indicating studies of higher quality. A study could be awarded a maximum of one point for each numbered item except comparability items and the first item in outcome assessment, which could be awarded a maximum of two points for each numbered item.

    Quantitative data synthesis and meta-analysis

    An approach to data synthesis was chosen which allowed for a meta-analysis across multiple outcomes and conditions. This meta-synthesis approach has been used by a previous systematic review.21 The first stage of data synthesis involved selecting each study’s measures of association to be included in the meta-analyses for each of the possible combinations of comorbid condition and outcome. Individual studies might have multiple measures for different combinations, for example, studies reporting multiple outcomes or different comorbid conditions. Studies might also have multiple measures for the same combination, for example, unadjusted and adjusted measures, measures for controlled and uncontrolled diabetes, or measures for hip and knee replacement surgery. Separate measures for hip and knee replacement were included in a combination’s meta-analysis because they comprised different groups of participants. For other multiple measures, a single measure was selected for inclusion in a meta-analysis using the following criteria: adjusted over unadjusted measures, closer matching or more common subcategories of comorbid conditions for inexact mapping to the 11 selected conditions (see table 1), and closer matching to the timing (3 or 12 months) and definition of outcomes.

    View this table:
    Table 1

    Mapping of comorbid conditions

    Most of the studies reported outcomes as ORs or it was possible to derive an OR. For studies reporting continuous outcomes the difference between means divided by the pooled SD (standardised mean difference) was converted to the corresponding OR using the Hasselblad and Hedges approach.22 If higher scores represented a good outcome then reciprocal values were used to ensure that ORs greater than 1 represented higher odds of a poor outcome. Where zero events precluded the calculation of an OR, each cell in the contingency table was inflated by adding 0.523 to allow calculation of an OR.

    We estimated the pooled OR for each combination of comorbid condition and outcome comprising two or more measures of association. ORs were computed such that a result greater than 1 indicates a higher odds of a worse outcome in patients with a specified comorbid conditions compared with patients without. We used a random-effects model as results were drawn from different populations.24 Pooled ORs by condition were plotted for each outcome. A sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the impact of the quality of the studies on the outcomes by comparing higher quality studies with studies of lower quality. The risk of publication bias was assessed using the graphical assessment of the funnel plot23 on outcomes which were reported on by a greater than six studies. All statistical analyses were carried out using STATA V.14.

    Results

    Selected studies

    Full search results are represented in figure 1. Of the 18 644 studies identified in the search, we included 70 studies,25–94 which produced 314 results for individual comorbid conditions and outcomes of hip and knee replacement surgery. The 70 studies had a range of patients sample sizes from 122 to 8 379 490. Sixteen (23%) studies had at least 100 000 patients. Twenty-six (37%) studies reported combined hip and knee arthroplasties, 12 (17%) studies reported on hip arthroplasties only, 24 (34%) studies on knee arthroplasties and 9 (13%) studies reported hip and knee arthroplasties separately. Forty (70%) studies reported outcomes after primary hip or knee replacement. The 70 studies came from 13 different countries with 37 (53%) coming from the USA. They were published between 1984 and 2017.

    Figure 1
    Figure 1

    Flow chart.

    Overall, 43 (61%) studies only looked at single comorbid conditions and 35 (50%) only looked at single outcomes. Sixty (86%) studies investigated the association between comorbid conditions and surgical complications (including VTE and surgical site infections), and only 5 (7%) quality of life. The comorbid condition that was most frequently studied was diabetes (41 studies), followed by heart disease (21 studies) and kidney disease (19 studies) (see table 1). The least frequently studied comorbid condition was diseases of the nervous system (six studies).

    The median NOS score, the measure of study quality, was 10 (6–13). Of the 70, nine (13%) studies met our predefined criteria for high quality of scores of greater than 11. The majority of studies had a representative cohort of patients with a specified comorbid condition (56 studies) and adjusted for potential confounders such as age and gender (41 studies).

    Short-term outcomes

    Surgical complications

    In this meta-analysis, 15 studies reported an OR for surgical complications in patients with comorbid conditions (see figure 2). The risk of surgical complications was significantly higher in patients with cancer (pooled OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.62), diabetes (pooled OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.25), kidney disease (pooled OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.84 to 2.10) and stroke (pooled OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.90). No studies reported surgical complications in patients with nervous system diseases or poor circulation.

    Figure 2
    Figure 2

    Forest plots of short-term outcomes.

    Surgical site infections

    Twenty-seven studies reported on surgical site infections after surgery. Overall, surgical site infections tended to occur more frequently in patients with comorbid conditions but the likelihood was only significantly higher in patients with diabetes (pooled OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.32, 2.74) and liver disease (pooled OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.46 to 4.12) (see figure 2). No studies reported the likelihood of surgical site infections in patients with high blood pressure, poor circulation or stroke.

    Venous thromboembolism

    Eighteen studies reported the risk of VTE postoperatively. VTE was more likely in patients with cancer (pooled OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.35 to 3.92), depression (pooled OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.30) and lung disease (pooled OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.55). No studies reported the risk of VTE in patients with nervous system diseases, liver disease or poor circulation.

    Readmissions to hospital

    Sixteen studies looked at the presence of comorbid conditions and being readmitted to hospital within 90 days after surgery. Overall, the likelihood of readmissions to hospital was significantly higher for patients with comorbid conditions (8 out of 11) with the highest likelihood in patients with liver disease (pooled OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.36 to 2.35) (see figure 2). No studies reported the likelihood of readmissions in patients with nervous system diseases or depression.

    Short-term mortality

    Thirteen studies looked at mortality within 90 days after surgery. Overall, the likelihood of short-term mortality tended to be significantly higher in patients with comorbid conditions (8 out of 11) with the highest likelihood in patients with heart disease (pooled OR 2.96, 95% CI 1.95 to 4.48) (see figure 2). In contrast, one study reported a significant lower likelihood of short-term mortality in patients with depression (pooled OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.88).

    Long-term outcomes

    Hip and knee function

    Ten studies look at the impact of comorbid conditions on postoperative hip or knee function (see figure 3). Knee or hip function measures included: The Knee Society Knee Score,72 78 Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index(WOMAC) Score,28 29 74 Oxford Knee Score35 and Activities of Daily Living limitation.83 87 95 The most frequently used measure was the WOMAC Score. Overall, the impact of comorbid conditions on function was variable. Patients with depression (pooled OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.28), heart disease (pooled OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.52) and stroke (pooled OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.71) had worse function after surgery. Postoperative function in patients with heart disease35 and stroke87 was each only reported on by one study. No studies investigated the postoperative function in patients with cancer.

    Figure 3
    Figure 3

    Forest plots of long-term outcomes.

    Health-related quality of life

    Five studies compared the improvement in quality of life 1 year after surgery in patients with comorbid conditions with those patients without comorbidities. Measures of quality of life included the Short Form-12,35 Short Form-3629 74 96 and the Health Utilities Index.28 Overall, across comorbid conditions there was no consistent pattern. Quality of life was significantly worse for patients with heart disease (pooled OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.78) and lung disease (pooled OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.57). For patients with liver disease, quality of life was significantly better after surgery (pooled OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.65).35 Postoperative quality of life in patients with heart disease and liver disease was each only reported by one study. No studies investigated the postoperative quality of life in patients with cancer or stroke.

    Pain

    Ten studies reported on the association between comorbid conditions and pain. Five (50%) studies looked at the outcome moderate to severe pain at 2 years and were studied by the same author.84 85 Other measures of pain included the WOMAC Pain Score28 and the Knee Society Pain Score.68 72 Overall, pain tended to be worse for patients with comorbid conditions but was not statistically significant. No studies investigated the postoperative pain in patients with cancer, nervous system diseases, liver disease or high blood pressure.

    Revision surgery

    Twelve studies reported on the likelihood of revision surgery in patients with comorbid conditions. Overall, revision surgery tended to be more likely in patients with comorbid conditions (6 out of 11) but the evidence remains weak. The pooled OR ranged from 1.11 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.21) for patients with high blood pressure to 1.96 (95% CI 1.16 to 3.30) for patients with liver disease. No studies reported the risk of revision surgery in patients with poor circulation or stroke.

    Long-term mortality

    Twelve studies reported the association between comorbid conditions and long-term mortality. Overall, the risk of long-term mortality tended to be higher for patients with comorbid conditions (7 out of 11). The pooled OR ranged from 1.38 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.80) for lung disease to 3.40 (95% CI 1.17 to 9.86) for liver disease (see figure 3). No studies investigated the risks of long-term mortality in patients with depression and poor circulation.

    Impact of comorbid conditions

    There is a lack of consistency across short-term and long-term outcomes by different comorbid conditions. In the short term, comorbidities had the most impact on readmissions to hospital and short-term mortality, but the impact on surgical complications was variable with most results not statistically significant. In the long term, comorbid conditions had the most impact on risk of revision surgery and long-term mortality. The impact on function and quality of life was inconsistent across comorbid conditions. The evidence for the impact of comorbid conditions on long-term outcomes was weaker than for short-term outcomes. Heart disease of all the included comorbid conditions had the most impact on both short-term and long-term outcomes with an increased likelihood of readmissions, short-term mortality, worse function, worse quality of life, revision surgery and long-term mortality.

    Publication bias

    We explored the possible impact of publication bias on outcomes: surgical complications, VTE, surgical site infections, readmissions, pain and mortality which had greater than six studies. This included studies in patients with diabetes (see figure 4) and kidney disease(see figure 5). The studies were not evenly distributed across both sides of the funnel plot. This asymmetry suggests that studies publishing negative effects may be missing. The impact of comorbidities on outcomes of hip and knee replacement may therefore be overestimated.

    Figure 4
    Figure 4

    Funnel plot showing 95% confidence limits for any surgical complications, surgical site infections, venous thromboembolism, readmissions to hospital and pain in patients with diabetes.

    Figure 5
    Figure 5

    Funnel plot showing 95% confidence limits for any surgical site infections, readmissions to hospital, short-term mortality and long-term mortality in patients with kidney disease.

    Sensitivity analysis

    We performed a sensitivity analysis to estimate the robustness of the results by evaluating the effects of study quality (see online supplementary information 4). Overall, high-quality studies pointed in the same direction as the lower-quality studies, although the latter generally reported larger effects. Higher-quality studies did not include studies reporting on the outcomes function, quality of life and pain, which suggest the evidence on long-term outcomes is poor compared with the evidence of the impact of comorbid condition on short-term outcomes. This may be largely because of the smaller sample size of these studies, the lack of adjustment for confounders and the lack of patient-reported outcomes in joint registries which focus primarily on surgical complications, mortality and revision rates.

    Discussion

    Main findings

    Overall, this meta-analysis demonstrates that patients with comorbid conditions are more likely to have a readmission and a higher short-term mortality in the early follow-up, but there is little evidence that patients benefit significantly less in terms of health-related quality of life, function and pain compared with patients with no comorbid conditions. In the short term, the impact on surgical complications was variable and mostly statistically insignificant. Patients with comorbid conditions tended to have a higher risk of revisions and long-term mortality but the available evidence was weak. There is some evidence of publication bias which may indicate an overestimation of the impact of comorbid conditions on outcomes. Given this, there is a need for high-quality studies in order to get a better understanding of the true impact of comorbidities on both short-term and long-term outcomes of hip and knee replacement.

    Our study has implications for future research on clinical indication for joint replacement surgery. Clinicians should take into account prognostic factors that affect treatment effectiveness in their decision-making to refer or select patients for hip or knee replacement97 but due to the lack of clarity on clinical indication for hip and knee replacement, they are not able to do so effectively.98 Further research, specifically focusing on the long-term outcomes such as function, quality of life and pain and that stratify individual comorbidities according to severity are needed to provide clinicians with more evidence to guide their decision-making and management of patients with comorbid conditions and to minimise the variation and quality of care provided for this patient group.

    Quality of evidence

    Only 13% of the studies were graded as being of high quality. Poorer quality studies were typically less clear about the inclusion criteria for study patients and did not adjust for potential confounders such as age and gender. They were also based on either small single-site studies or large administrative data-based studies that use data sources that were not from specialist arthroplasty databases. Large administrative data-based studies greatly influenced the meta-analysis and thereby the limitations of these studies will therefore have a considerable influence on the validity of this meta-analysis. The higher quality studies primarily used joint registries and did not focus on patient-reported outcomes such as quality of life, function and pain.

    Our sensitivity analysis showed that lower quality studies seem to overestimate the risk of short-term outcomes after hip and knee replacement in patients with comorbid conditions. Similarly, the evidence of reporting bias towards reporting positive findings may indicate an overestimation of the impact of comorbid conditions on outcomes of hip and knee replacement surgery. Due to the relatively small number of studies exploring the impact of each comorbid condition, it was not possible to fully explore the impact of publication bias and other factors that might cause heterogeneity.

    It is important to consider, that patients included in the reported studies may represent a healthier population. Several studies have shown that patients are not accessing hip and knee replacement because clinicians are excluding complex and severe patients who are deemed too high risk for surgery.99 This may introduce selection bias which may lead to an underestimation of the true effect on the impact of comorbid conditions on outcomes of hip and knee replacement surgery.

    Relation to prior reviews

    Our study provides evidence that comorbid conditions have an impact on safety of the surgery but little impact on the effectiveness of the surgery in terms of quality of life, function and pain after hip and knee replacement surgery. There have been a number of earlier systematic reviews reporting the impact of comorbid conditions on outcomes after hip and knee replacement surgery. One systematic review and meta-analysis following elective total hip replacement in patients with diabetes found diabetes to be associated with a twofold increase risk of surgical site infections in line with our findings.16 Another one looking at the impact of comorbidity and length of stay and costs found limited evidence that comorbidities increase length of stay and costs compared with patients with no or fewer comorbidities.18 One systematic review looking at health-related quality of life in total hip and knee replacement reported that comorbid conditions was given as a reason for modest improvements in outcomes.17 This finding was only based on two studies both using composite comorbidity measures. Another systematic review looking at all preoperative predictors for outcomes for hip and knee replacement, however, demonstrated the inconsistency in study findings with seven studies reported a significant worse association between comorbid conditions and outcomes but six studies reported no significant association.14

    Limitations

    For some combinations of outcomes and comorbid conditions, there were no studies of impact or impact was only based on a single study. Only six studies focused on patients with diseases of the nervous system whereas over half of the studies we reviewed investigated outcomes in patients with diabetes. Similarly, short-term outcomes, particularly surgical complications, were commonly investigated but only five studies28 29 35 74 96 reported on quality of life outcomes and the results on pain were from two publications.84 85 This highlights that evidence on short-term outcomes is stronger than evidence on long-term outcomes. Half of the studies were analyses of data collected in population-based administrative datasets. This may account for the relative scarcity of studies reporting on long-term outcomes such as quality of life or function that need patient-reported results.

    We limited our review to studies with at least 100 patients and patients with the 11 comorbid conditions. Comorbid conditions that did not fit into the 11 categories that are captured in the PROMs programme for patients undergoing elective surgery in the English National Health Service were not included in this review. In addition, specific outcomes and patient-reported measures were not specified in the literature search so this may have resulted in the omission of some studies that met the inclusion criteria. We performed manual searches of relevant journals however and checked the references lists of all included studies and other systematic reviews, so we believe that any missed studies would not affect our conclusions significantly.

    The scope of this review required the grouping of heterogeneous studies. Across all studies, there were differences in study populations, definitions of comorbid conditions and their severity, definitions of outcomes, particularly for patient-reported outcomes, and the constructs they are measuring and the timing of their measurement. To make the results comparable and to be able to conduct any form of meta-analysis, some comorbid conditions were grouped together, outcomes were categorised as short and long term, and continuous outcomes were converted to OR using the Hasselblad and Hedges approach. In addition, it was not possible to evaluate hip and knee replacement separately as 27 (38%) studies reported on combined hip and knee arthroplasties.

    In addition to variation in definitions of comorbid conditions, few included studies graded comorbid conditions according to severity which would have allowed a better understanding of their impact. For the few studies that reported results according to the severity of a comorbid condition, we included the most common severity subgroup, therefore excluding the most severe patients.

    Conclusion

    Clinicians should be aware of the short-term risks relating to the safety of the surgery in their management of patients with comorbid conditions. There is little evidence that patients with comorbid conditions benefit significantly less from hip and knee replacement in terms of quality of life, function and pain after surgery than patients without comorbid conditions. As a result comorbid conditions have an impact on safety but little impact on effectiveness of hip and knee replacement surgery. Future research should however consider the severity of comorbid conditions to better understand the impact of comorbid conditions on outcomes.

    Supplementary file 2

    Supplementary file 3

    Supplementary file 4

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    Footnotes

    • Contributors BP contributed to the study conception and design, literature screening, data extraction, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting of the manuscript and revision based on the comments of the coauthor. AH contributed to the study conception and design, literature screening, data extraction, analysis and interpretation of data and drafting of the manuscript. JvdM contributed to the study conception and design, literature screening, analysis and interpretation of data and critical revision of the manuscript. AA contributed to literature screening and the critical revision of the manuscript. SK contributed to the interpretation of data and the critical revision of the manuscript. The NIHR CLAHRC North Thames Patient and Public Involvement committee reviewed the protocol.

    • Funding This study was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care North Thames at Barts Health NHS Trust.

    • Disclaimer The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.

    • Competing interests None declared.

    • Patient consent Not required.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Data sharing statement No additional data are available.