PIP: The present study was conducted in 40 Anganwadi centers covering a population of 42,684 in the urban slums of Gorakhpur City under the ICDS scheme. The infant mortality rate was 98.9/1000 livebirths. The higher mortality in children between 1-3 years (45/1000) in comparison to those ages 3-6 (22.8/1000) reflects the higher vulnerability of children under age 3. Diarrhea (36.3%) was the major cause of infant mortality followed by respiratory infections (24.2%), and tetanus (15.4%). Diarrhea (50.2%), respiratory infections (32.4%), and malnutrition (2.0%) were the major killers in children between 1-6 years. Mortality in various age groups was found to be significantly higher in poor social classes, in children in grades III and IV malnutrition categories, in those not breastfed, and in those who had not yet been weaned. Risk factors associated with a high infant mortality included birthweight or= 2500 g, maternal age 20 or 35 years, primipara or multipara, mothers receiving no antenatal care, interval between 2 births of 12 months, gestational age of 32 weeks, mothers with a poor obstetric history, and those mothers who had been delivered by untrained personnel.