Work disability prevention has evolved from being a component of disease outcomes studies, to a separate and growing research discipline. In part, this is due to recognition that work outcomes often do not correlate with other health outcomes; the causes of work disability are multiple, complex, and often distinct from associated health conditions or treatments; and that work disability creates an important personal, economic and social burden that is often preventable. Conceptual frameworks, measures, research methods and interventions specific to this area have been developed, many have been validated across different contexts, and an international community of researchers and trainees in work disability prevention has formed. The articles included in this special section exemplify the breadth of current research in this field, and future opportunities for greater cross- disciplinary collaboration and translation of research to practical implementation and policy interventions.