Research has shown that transplantation improves quality of life for patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD), although it does not return to pre-kidney failure levels. This study used focus groups to explore the experience of living with a transplanted kidney. The data were analysed, using thematic analysis, and the following themes were identified: medicalization; fear; gratitude; and coping. These may necessitate constant vigilance, reduced spontaneity and preoccupation with self-care to maintain the kidney's health; being treated differently from others; pressure not to let themselves and others down; and the urge to increase their knowledge about their condition. It was found that these themes pervade the lives of the recipients and that the psychosocial effects of transplantation are long-lasting.