Regular ArticleThe ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: A new predictor of disease predisposition?
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Patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip shows higher digit ratio (2D:4D)
2023, Early Human DevelopmentDigital biomarker 2D:4D as a predictor of cancer: A systematic review
2022, Early Human DevelopmentCitation Excerpt :They show that this biomarker is a potentially useful indicator that may be associated with gestational T levels, T/E, or prenatal hormonal disruption of the uterine microenvironment [17]. Manning and Bundred [19], in 2000, suggested that the intra-uterine hormonal environment is associated with the etiology of several adult-onset diseases and that digital ratio is predictive of some diseases [19]. A review carried out in 2014 [20] highlights three fronts of studies on 2D:4D: psychological traits, body performance and susceptibility to diseases in adult life [20].
Association between the 2d:4d and cardiovascular risk factors: Body mass index, blood pressure and body fat
2020, Early Human DevelopmentCitation Excerpt :This study advocated that digit ratio of Greek men may act as potential biomarker for predicting their likelihood of MI [7]. A study reported that men with higher ratio tended to have their first MI early in life than their counterparts with lesser 2d:4d [8]. Dalton et al. suggests that, the relationship between 2d:4d and HTN in males can be a predictor for cardiovascular diseases with a connection to prenatal sex hormones [9].
Decreased second to fourth digit ratios in female multiple sclerosis patients
2020, Early Human DevelopmentCitation Excerpt :Although there are conflicting results regarding this relationship, these studies at least may provide some clue to a possible relationship between in utero hormonal environment and development of several diseases. Many studies suggest that the 2D:4D ratio is determined by the level of prenatal androgen, although it is more likely to reflect the balance between androgen and estrogen activity [12–14,27]. Higher androgen and also estrogen receptor activity has been shown in digit 4 than in digit 2, and the growth of the fourth digit under the influence of the balance between androgen and estrogen activity may therefore affect gender differences in the 2D: 4D ratio [12,13].