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  • Review Article
  • Published:

Changing epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated chronic kidney disease

Nature Reviews Nephrology volume 12, pages 73–81 (2016)Cite this article

Subjects

Key Points

  • Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects ∼50% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and changes in the epidemiology of T2DM are driving changes in the epidemiology of T2DM-associated CKD

  • Demographic transition resulting in population ageing has contributed not only to an increased prevalence of T2DM but also to an increased prevalence of co-morbid CKD

  • Young and/or obese patients with T2DM have an increased risk of diabetic complications, including CKD

  • The greatest increase in T2DM prevalence has occurred in low-to-middle income countries where risk of CKD is also high; these regions are least able to manage the disease burden

  • Although the incidence of cardiovascular disease in patients with T2DM has improved, this effect has not been associated with any substantial reduction in T2DM-associated renal impairment

  • In the absence of new and effective renoprotective interventions, the increasing global prevalence of T2DM will inevitably be associated with an increase in the prevalence of CKD

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common comorbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and both conditions are increasing in prevalence. CKD is estimated to affect ∼50% patients with T2DM globally, and its presence and severity markedly influences disease prognosis. CKD is more common in certain patient populations, including the elderly, those with youth-onset diabetes mellitus, those who are obese, certain ethnic groups, and disadvantaged populations. These same settings have also seen the greatest increase in the prevalence of T2DM, as exemplified by the increasing prevalence of T2DM in low-to- middle income countries. Patients from low-to-middle income countries are often the least able to deal with the burden of T2DM and CKD and the health-care facilities of these countries least able to deal with the demand for equitable access to renal replacement therapies. The increasing prevalence of younger individuals with T2DM, in whom an accelerated course of complications can be observed, further adds to the global burden of CKD. Paradoxically, improvements in cardiovascular survival in patients with T2DM have contributed to patients surviving longer, allowing sufficient time to develop renal impairment. This Review explores how the changing epidemiology of T2DM has influenced the prevalence and incidence of associated CKD across different populations and clinical settings.

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Figure 1: Global incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
Figure 2: High background prevalence of renal impairment in the general population, especially in elderly individuals.

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Acknowledgements

M.C.T. and M.E.C. are supported by NHMRC research fellowships. The Baker IDI is supported by infrastructure funding from the Victorian government, Australia.

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  1. Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, VIC, Australia

    Merlin C. Thomas, Mark E. Cooper & Paul Zimmet

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Contributions

M.C.T. researched the data for the article. M.C.T. and P.Z. provided substantial contribution to discussions of the content and contributed equally to writing the article. All authors contributed equally to review and/or editing of the manuscript before submission.

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Correspondence to Paul Zimmet.

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M.C.T. has received honoraria for educational meetings conducted on behalf of Abbvie, Boehringer–Ingelheim, Eli-Lilly, Merck Sharpe and Dohme, Servier, Novartis, Takeda, Abbot, Allergan, and AstraZeneca. P.Z. has acted as an adviser and received honoraria for speaking on behalf of Eli-Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Haptocure (Israel), Janssen Cilag, and Sanofi Aventis. M.E.C. has received honoraria and consulting fees from Abbvie, Bayer, Boehringer–Ingelheim, Eli-Lilly, Merck, Servier, Takeda, Novo-Nordisk, and AstraZeneca as well as research grants from Novo-Nordisk and Abbvie.

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Thomas, M., Cooper, M. & Zimmet, P. Changing epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 12, 73–81 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2015.173

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