Abstract
This study examined the relationship between family dynamics (as measured by the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale-FACES III), depression, feelings of burden and institutionalization in spouse caregivers (N = 197) of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients. All data was previously collected at the New York University Medical Center's Aging and Dementia Research Center between 1987 and 1991. Although no significant results were found between family dynamics and the likelihood of institutionalization, a post-hoc analyses found that AD spouse caregivers with higher scores on family cohesion experienced significantly less burden and depression than caregivers with lower cohesion scores. Implications for future research examining family cohesion, depression, and feelings of burden in AD spouse caregivers are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Blieszner, R. and Shifflett, P. (1990). The Effects of Alzheimer's Disease on Close Relationships Between Patients and Caregivers. Family Relations, 39, 57–62.
Brody, E. (1985). Parent Care as a Normative Family Stress. Gerontologist, 25, 19–29.
Burns, A. and Levy, R. (1994). Dementia. Chapman & Hall Medical, London, UK.
Clipp, E. and George, L. (1990). Caregiver Needs and Patterns of Social Support. Journal of Gerontology, 45(3), 102–111.
Cohen, D. (1991). The Subjective Experience of Alzheimer's Disease: The Anatomy of an Illness as Perceived by Patients and Families. The American Journal of Alzheimer's Care and Related Disorders and Research, 5, 6–11.
Cohen, D. and Eisdorfer, C. (1988). Depression in Family Members Caring for a Relative With Alzheimer's Disease. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 36, 885–889.
Cohen, S. and Wills, T. (1985). Stress, Social Support and the Buffering Hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310–357.
Coyne, J. (ed.) (1985). Essential Papers on Depression. New York University Press, U.S.
Franssen, E., Kluger, A., Torossian, C., and Reisberg, B. (1993). The Neurologic Syndrome of Severe Alzheimer's Disease. Archives of Neurology, 50, 1029–1039.
George, L. and Gwyther, L. (1986). Caregiver Well-Being: A Multidimensional Examination of Family Caregivers of Demented Adults. The Gerontologist, 26, 253–259.
Globerman, J. (1994). Balancing Tensions in Families with Alzheimer's Disease: The Self and the Family. Journal of Aging Studies, 8, 211–232.
Globerman, J. (1995). The Unencumbered Child: Family Reputations and Responsibilities in the Care of Relatives with Alzheimer's Disease. Family Process, 34, 87–99.
Green, R., Harris, R., Forte, J. and Robinson, M. (1991). Evaluating FACES III and the Circumplex Model: 2,440 Families. Family Process, 30, 55–73.
Green, R., Kolvezon, M., and Vosler, N. (1985). The Beavers-Timberlawn Model of Family Competence and the Circumplex Model of Family Adaptability and Cohesion: Separate but Equal? Family Process, 24, 385–398.
Haley, W., Clair, J., and Saulsberry, K. (1992). Family Caregiver Satisfaction with Medical Care of Their Demented Relatives. The Gerontologist, 32(2), 219–226.
Hays, William. (1983). Statistics For The Social Sciences. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. New York.
Lichtenberg, P. and Barth, J. (1989). The Dynamic Process of Caregiving in Elderly Spouses: A Look at Longitudinal Case Reports. Clinical Gerontologist, 9(1), 31–44.
Lieberman, M. and Fisher, L. (1995). The Impact of Chronic Illness on the Health and Well-Being of Family Members. The Gerontologist, 1, 94–102.
Lishman, W.A. (1991). The Evolution of Research into the Dementias. Dementia, 2, 177–185.
Majerovitz, S. (1995). Role of Family Adaptability in the Psychological Adjustment of Spouse Caregivers to Patients with Dementia. Psychology and Aging, 10(3), 447–457.
Max, W., Webber, P. and Fox, P. (1995). Alzheimer's Disease: The Unpaid Burden of Caring. Journal of Aging and Health, 7(2), 179–199.
Mittelman, M., Ferris, S., Shulman, E., Steinberg, G., Ambinder, A., Mackell, J. and Cohen, J. (1995). A Comprehensive Support System: Effect on Depression in Spouse-Caregivers of AD Patients. The Gerontologist, 35(6), 792–802.
Monahan, D. and Hooker, K. (1995). Health of Spouse Caregivers of Dementia Patients: The Role of Personality and Social Support. Social Work, 40(3), 305–313.
Olson, D. (1986). Circumplex Model VII: Validation Studies and FACES III. Family Process, 25, 337–351.
Olson, D. (1991). Commentary: Three-Dimensional (3-D) Circumplex Model and Revised Scoring of FACES III. Family Process, 30, 74–79.
Olson, D. and Killorin, E. (1984). Clinical Rating Scale for Circumplex Model. Deparment of Family Social Science, University of Minnesota.
Olson, D., Russell, C., and Sprenkle, D. (1989). Sexually Addicted Families: Clinical Uses of the Circumplex Model. Circumplex Model: Systematic Assessment and Treatment of Families. New York: Haworth Press.
Pagel, M., Erdly, W. and Becker, J. (1987). Social Networks: We Get By With (and in Spite of) a Little Help From Our Friends. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(4), 793–804.
Parks, S. and Pilisuk, M. (1991). Caregiver Burden: Gender and the Psychological Costs of Caregiving. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61(4), 501–509.
Pearlin, L., Mullan, J., Semple, S. and Skaff, M. (1990). Caregiving and the Stress Process: An Overview of Concepts and Their Measures. The Gerontologist, 30, 583–594.
Pruchno, R., Michaels, E. and Potashnik, S. (1990). Predictors of Institutionalization Among Alzheimer's Disease Victims with Caregiving Spouses. Journal of Gerontology, 45(6), 259–266.
Redinbaugh, E., MacCallum, R., and Kiecolt-Glaser, J. (1995). Recurrent Syndromal Depression in Caregivers. Psychology and Aging, 10(3), 358–368.
Reisberg, B. (ed.) (1983). Alzheimer's Disease-The Standard Reference. The Free Press, New York.
Reisberg, B., Ferris, S., de Leon, M., Kluger, A., Franssen, E., Borenstein, J., and Alba, R. (1989). The Stage Specific Temporal Course of Alzheimer's Disease: Functional and Behavioral Concomitants Based Upon Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Observation. Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, 5, 24–41.
Roderick, J., Henggler, S., and Hanson, C. (1986). An Evaluation of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES) and the Circumplex Model. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 77–87.
Semple, S. (1992). Conflict in Alzheimer's Caregiving Families: Its Dimensions and Consequences. The Gerontologist, 32(5), 648–655.
Sistler, Audrey. (1989). Adaptive Coping of Older Caregiving Spouses. Social Work, 5, 415–420.
Teri, L., Hughes, J., and Larson E. (1990). Cognitive Deterioration in Alzheimer's Disease: Behavioral and Health Factors. Journal of Gerontology, 45(2), 58–63.
Townsend, A. and Franks, M. (1995). Binding Ties: Closeness and Conflict in Adult Children's Caregiving Relationships. Psychology and Aging, 10(3), 343–351.
Townsend, A., Noekler, L., and Deimling, G. (1989). Longitudinal Impact of Inter-household Caregiving on Adult Children's Mental Health. Psychology of Aging, 4, 393–401.
Welsh, H., Walsh, J. and Larson, E. (1992). The Cost of Institutional Care in Alzheimer's Disease: Nursing Home and Hospital Use in a Prospective Cohort. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 40(3), 221–224.
Walker, L., McLaughlin, F., and Greene, J. (1988). Functional Illness and Family Functioning: A Comparison of Healthy and Somaticizing Adolescents. Family Process, 27, 317–325.
Wilks, S. (1865). Clinical Notes on the Atrophy of the Brain. Journal of Mental Science, 10, 381–392.
Williamson, G. and Schulz, R. (1993). Coping With Specific Stressors in Alzheimer's Disease Caregiving. The Gerontologist, 33(6), 747–755.
Wragg, R. E. and Jeste, D. V. (1989). Overview of Depression and Psychosis in Alzheimer's Disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 577–587.
Wright, L. (1991). The Impact of Alzheimer's Disease on the Marital Relationship. The Gerontologist, 31(2), 224–237.
Yesavage, J., Brink, T., Rose, T. Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M. & Leirer V. (1983). Development and Validation of The Geriatric Depression Screening Scale: A Preliminary Report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1), 37–49.
Zarit, S., Anthony, C., and Boutselis, M. (1987). Interventions With Caregivers of Dementia Patients: Comparison of Two Approaches. Psychology and Aging, 2(3), 225–232.
Zarit, S. & Zarit, J. (1983). Families Under Stress. Interventions for Caregivers of Senile Dementia Patients. Psychotherapy. 119, 461–471.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Torossian, C.L., Ruffins, S. Relationship Between Family Dynamics of Caregivers, Depression, and the Likelihood of Institutionalization of Alzheimer's Patients. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 29, 127–142 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021956715387
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021956715387