Original articleThree-Dimensional Laser Surface Imaging and Geometric Morphometrics Resolve Frontonasal Dysmorphology in Schizophrenia
Section snippets
Subjects
Approval for this study protocol was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the North Eastern Health Board; all subjects gave written, informed consent to their participation in the study. Patients were drawn from attendees of Cavan–Monaghan Mental Health Service who were under age 65; each satisfied Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Diseases (4th edition) criteria (American Psychiatric Association 1994) for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder as described previously (
Facial Surface Analysis
Centroid size was slightly but significantly larger in female patients (2705.0 [SD 105.9] mm; +1.8%) than in female control subjects (2656.1 [SD 78.0] mm; t = 2.14, p < .05) but did not differ between male patients (2878.9 [SD 106.3] mm) and male control subjects (2878.1 [SD 87.2] mm; +.03%, p = .97). All subsequent analyses of shape are independent of centroid size.
Among female subjects, 12 PCs, describing 84.5% of the total shape variance, were selected. Both Goodall’s test (p < .005) and
Discussion
In this study, we captured, quantified and visualized, for the first time, subtle abnormalities of 3D morphology over the whole facial surface in schizophrenia.
Regarding facial size, a slight (1.8%) increase was found in female but not in male patients. Previous studies have involved linear evaluation of “hat size” using a tape measure or derived from neuroimaging; although some have reported a slight reduction in cranial circumference, others have found either no difference or a slight
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