Advances in postnatal neuroimaging: relevance to pathogenesis and treatment of brain injury☆
Section snippets
Pre- and postnatal neuroimaging to understand normal brain development
The major advantage of MRI over other brain imaging techniques is its ability to differentiate between cortical gray matter and cerebral white matter to differentiate between unmyelinated and myelinated white matter. These differentiations allow the in vivo assessment of the brain maturation, including myelination.
Gyral development begins with the appearance of the sylvian fissure and central sulcus at approximately 15 and 20 weeks' gestational age, respectively [8]. The use of new, ultrafast
Germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage
Germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is the classic, pathologic feature of the preterm brain. It is strictly related to the presence of the germinal matrix (see Fig. 1), which is a developmental structure that disappears after 36 weeks' gestation. The basic lesion in germinal matrix-IVH is bleeding into the subependymal germinal matrix. This region is highly cellular (a source of all neuronal and glial cells) with active cell proliferation and, is therefore, highly vascularized.
Summary
The human brain is susceptible to a wide variety of insults. The permanent residua of these abnormalities are represented in dysfunction of one or more areas of neurodevelopment. A full understanding of normal brain development, mechanisms of brain injury, and consequences for subsequent brain development is required to determine which infants are at risk for neurodevelopmental handicap, and to monitor the effects of new treatments and management regimens designed to prevent these disabilities.
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The Neonate
2016, Obstetrics: Normal and Problem PregnanciesIntrauterine growth retardation and the developing brain
2013, Archives de PediatrieVery early upper limb interventions for infants with asymmetric brain lesions
2013, Cerebral Palsy in Infancy: Targeted Activity to Optimize Early Growth and DevelopmentClinical Applications of Diffusion Tensor Imaging
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2012, Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineCitation Excerpt :Postnatal asphyxia may occur due to severe hyaline membrane disease, meconium aspiration or congenital heart diseases. Regardless of the etiology, asphyxia may end in neuronal cell death, if there is delayed and/or inadequate re-perfusion (3–5). Severity and duration of hypoxia determine the pattern of cerebral insult.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging's Role in the Care of the Infant at Risk for Brain Injury
2012, Neurology: Neonatology Questions and Controversies Expert Consult - Online and Print
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This work was supported by Grant No. (SNF:3200-056927) from the Swiss National Foundation.