Original articleSomatic growth of children of diabetic mothers with reference to birth size**
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Environment-physiology, diet quality and energy balance: The influence of early life nutrition on future energy balance
2014, Physiology and BehaviorCitation Excerpt :Furthermore, the association between lower birth weight and central obesity in girls is modified by ethnic background [24]. Maternal diabetes [25–28], higher maternal blood glucose within the normal range [29] and maternal gestational weight gain have also been associated with increased risk of childhood obesity. Overall, the findings of these studies point to a significant impact of an unfavourable environment during development on the future risk of obesity and cardio-metabolic disease.
Babies born after diabetes in pregnancy: What are the short- and long-term risks and how can we minimise them?
2011, Best Practice and Research: Clinical Obstetrics and GynaecologyCitation Excerpt :However, studies of mothers with well-controlled diabetes in pregnancy show a favourable neurodevelopmental outcome.35,71–73 Although many studies have shown that, on follow-up, the majority of children of mothers with diabetes have normal weight for height and normal height for age, in some cases, poor antenatal diabetic control and the presence of neonatal macrosomia (and possibly overfeeding in infancy) increase the risk of obesity in later life.68,74–76 Finally, the risk of insulin-dependent diabetes developing by the age of 20 years in the offspring of diabetic women is at least 7 times that for non-diabetic mothers.59,71
Developmental gene × environment interactions affecting systems regulating energy homeostasis and obesity
2010, Frontiers in NeuroendocrinologyCitation Excerpt :Breast feeding is one major way in which a mother can influence the nutritional status of her infant. Breast feeding has generally been considered to offer some protection against the development of offspring obesity [53–58]. Such a conclusion is likely to be biased by the content of the control populations of non-breast fed infants fed formula since formula content has varied over the years and by geographic locations.
Abnormal fetal growth: Intrauterine growth retardation, small for gestational age, large for gestational age
2004, Pediatric Clinics of North AmericaTwenty years of pediatric diabetes surveillance: what do we know and why it matters
2021, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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Supported in part by Diabetes Research Center Grant (HD-11343-01) of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and by a grant to the Brown University Child Study Center from the W. T. Grant Foundation.