Estrogen improves biochemical and neurologic outcome following traumatic brain injury in male rats, but not in females
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Antioxidant therapies in traumatic brain injury
2022, Neurochemistry InternationalCitation Excerpt :Estrogen and progesterone, endogenous steroid hormones with antioxidant properties, treatments were shown to be neuroprotective in preclinical studies of brain injury (Brotfain et al., 2016; Roof et al., 1997). The mechanisms behind their neuroprotective effect are both receptor-mediated and receptor-independent (Emerson et al., 1993). The major receptor-independent effect of estrogen is its ability to act as a potent chemical antioxidant, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation via membrane stabilization in the case of progesterone (Roof and Hall, 2000).
Androgen is responsible for enhanced susceptibility of melatonin against traumatic brain injury in females
2021, Neuroscience LettersCitation Excerpt :However, there are significant differences in neurological outcomes between males and females exposed to TBI [29]. Note that there is growing evidence that female animals display greater mortality and neurodegeneration than males [11,18], whereas the exact mechanisms remain clear. Melatonin (N-acetyl 5-methoxytryptamine) secreted from the pineal gland is reported to be involved in regulations of sleep induction and circadian rhythm [9].
Female Athlete and Sports-Related Concussions
2021, Clinics in Sports MedicineNeurosteroids as regulators of neuroinflammation
2019, Frontiers in NeuroendocrinologyLong-term cognitive outcomes in male and female athletes following sport-related concussions
2018, International Journal of PsychophysiologyCitation Excerpt :As a result, females may experience greater linear (Mansell et al., 2005; Queen et al., 2003) and angular (Kirkendall et al., 2001) acceleration of the head and neck, leading to greater cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, animal and human studies demonstrate a differential influence of hormones on concussion outcomes in males and females (Emerson et al., 1993; Roof and Hall, 2000; Emerson and Vink, 1992; Djebaili et al., 2005; Bazarian et al., 2010; Kupina et al., 2003; Wunderle et al., 2014). It is currently debated whether estrogen has a detrimental or a neuroprotective effect regarding concussion.
Sex differences in sport-related concussion long-term outcomes
2018, International Journal of PsychophysiologyCitation Excerpt :Also, sex differences have been attributed to neuroanatomical cerebral blood flow in the brain (Broshek et al., 2005; Covassin and Elbin, 2011). Considering differences in neuroanatomy, females have a greater area of unmyelinated neuronal processes, while males have a greater number of cortical neuronal densities (Broshek et al., 2005; Emerson et al., 1993). In regards to cerebrovascular differences, researchers have suggested that females have a higher cerebral blood flow rate, coupled with a higher basal rate of glucose metabolism which may exacerbate the neurometabolic cascade (Emerson et al., 1993).