Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The role of dietary potassium in hypertension and diabetes

  • Mini Review
  • Published:
Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Potassium is an essential mineral which plays major roles for the resting membrane potential and the intracellular osmolarity. In addition, for several years, it has been known that potassium also affects endothelial and vascular smooth muscle functions and it has been repeatedly shown that an increase in potassium intake shifts blood pressure to a more preferable level. Meanwhile, the blood pressure lowering effects of potassium were presented in several intervention trials and summarized in a handful of meta-analyses. Furthermore, accumulating epidemiological evidence from, especially, the last decade relates low dietary potassium intake or serum potassium levels to an increased risk for insulin resistance or diabetes. However, intervention trials are required to confirm this association. So, in addition to reduction of sodium intake, increasing dietary potassium intake may positively affect blood pressure and possibly also glucose metabolism in many populations. This concise review not only summarizes the studies linking potassium to blood pressure and diabetes but also discusses potential mechanisms involved, like vascular smooth muscle relaxation and endothelium-dependent vasodilation or stimulation of insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells, respectively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Aburto NJ, Hanson S, Gutierrez H, Hooper L, Elliott P, Cappuccio FP (2013) Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 346:f1378

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Adrogue HJ, Madias NE (2007) Sodium and potassium in the pathogenesis of hypertension. N Engl J Med 356:1966–1978

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Ando K, Matsui H, Fujita M, Fujita T (2010) Protective effect of dietary potassium against cardiovascular damage in salt-sensitive hypertension: possible role of its antioxidant action. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 8:59–63

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Andraws R, Brown DL (2007) Effect of inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system on development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (meta-analysis of randomized trials). Am J Cardiol 99:1006–1012

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, Bray GA, Vogt TM, Cutler JA, Windhauser MM et al (1997) A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 336:1117–1124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Appel LJ, Brands MW, Daniels SR, Karanja N, Elmer PJ, Sacks FM (2006) Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension 47:296–308

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Azadbakht L, Mirmiran P, Esmaillzadeh A, Azizi T, Azizi F (2005) Beneficial effects of a dietary approaches to stop hypertension eating plan on features of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 28:2823–2831

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bulpitt CJ (1981) Sodium excess or potassium lack as a cause of hypertension: a discussion paper. J R Soc Med 74:896–900

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bussemaker E, Hillebrand U, Hausberg M, Pavenstadt H, Oberleithner H (2010) Pathogenesis of hypertension: interactions among sodium, potassium, and aldosterone. Am J Kidney Dis 55:1111–1120

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Cappuccio FP, MacGregor GA (1991) Does potassium supplementation lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of published trials. J Hypertens 9:465–473

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Carter P, Gray LJ, Troughton J, Khunti K, Davies MJ (2010) Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 341:c4229

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Chatterjee R, Yeh HC, Shafi T, Selvin E, Anderson C, Pankow JS, Miller E, Brancati F (2010) Serum and dietary potassium and risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Arch Intern Med 170:1745–1751

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Chatterjee R, Yeh HC, Edelman D, Brancati F (2011) Potassium and risk of type 2 diabetes. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 6:665–672

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Chatterjee R, Biggs ML, de Boer IH, Brancati FL, Svetkey LP, Barzilay J, Djousse L, Ix JH, Kizer JR, Siscovick DS et al (2015) Potassium and glucose measures in older adults: the cardiovascular health study. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci 70:255–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Coca SG, Perazella MA, Buller GK (2005) The cardiovascular implications of hypokalemia. Am J Kidney Dis 45:233–247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Colditz GA, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Willett WC, Speizer FE (1992) Diet and risk of clinical diabetes in women. Am J Clin Nutr 55:1018–1023

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. D-A-CH, German Nutrition Society, Austrian Nutrition Society, Swiss Society for Nutrition. Reference values for nutrient intake. 2nd ed., 1st release. Umschau, Frankfurt/Main, Germany, 2015. Chapter on sodium, chloride and potassium available online in German at: https://www.dge.de/wissenschaft/referenzwerte/natrium-chlorid-kalium/

  18. Dawson CM, Atwater I, Rojas E (1982) Potassium-induced insulin release and voltage noise measurements in single mouse islets of Langerhans. J Membr Biol 64:33–43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Dickinson HO, Nicolson DJ, Campbell F, Beyer FR, Mason J (2006) Potassium supplementation for the management of primary hypertension in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004641

  20. Dietary dietary guidelines advisory committee (2011) Report of the on the dietary guidelines for Americans, 2010. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research S, Washington, DC

  21. Dluhy RG, Axelrod L, Williams GH (1972) Serum immunoreactive insulin and growth hormone response to potassium infusion in normal man. J Appl Physiol 33:22–26

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Doenyas-Barak K, Beberashvili I, Vinker S (2014) Serum potassium is an age-dependent risk factor for pre-diabetes and diabetes in the Israeli population. Diab Vasc Dis Res 11:103–109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Dorner TE, Genser D, Krejs G, Slany J, Watschinger B, Ekmekcioglu C, Rieder A (2013) Hypertension and nutrition. Position paper of the Austrian Nutrition Society. Herz 38:153–162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Eaton SB, Konner M (1985) Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and current implications. N Engl J Med 312:283–289

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ekmekcioglu C, Blasche G, Dorner TE (2013) Too much salt and how we can get rid of it. Forsch Komplementmed 20:454–460

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Elliott WJ, Meyer PM (2007) Incident diabetes in clinical trials of antihypertensive drugs: a network meta-analysis. Lancet 369:201–207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Elmadfa I, Hasenegger V, Wagner K, Putz P, et al (2012) Österreichischer Ernährungsbericht 2012. [Austrian Nutrition Report 2012]. 1st ed., Vienna: BMG. Available at (in German): http://www.bmg.gv.at/cms/home/attachments/4/5/3/CH1048/CMS1348749794860/oeb12.pdf

  28. Elmadfa I, Aign W, Muskat E, Fritzsche D (2013) Die große GU Nährwert Kalorien Tabelle. [The extensive GU food composition table] 2014/15. Gräfe & Unzer, München

    Google Scholar 

  29. Fulgoni VL 3rd, Keast DR, Bailey RL, Dwyer J (2011) Foods, fortificants, and supplements: where do Americans get their nutrients? J Nutr 141:1847–1854

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Geleijnse JM, Kok FJ, Grobbee DE (2003) Blood pressure response to changes in sodium and potassium intake: a metaregression analysis of randomised trials. J Hum Hypertens 17:471–480

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Goldner MG, Zarowitz H, Akgun S (1960) Hyperglycemia and glycosuria due to thiazide derivatives administered in diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 262:403–405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Haddy FJ, Vanhoutte PM, Feletou M (2006) Role of potassium in regulating blood flow and blood pressure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 290:R546–R552

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. He FJ, MacGregor GA (2002) Effect of modest salt reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Implications for public health. J Hum Hypertens 16:761–770

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. He FJ, MacGregor GA (2003) Potassium: more beneficial effects. Climacteric J Int Menopause Soc 6(Suppl 3):36–48

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. He FJ, Marciniak M, Carney C, Markandu ND, Anand V, Fraser WD, Dalton RN, Kaski JC, MacGregor GA (2010) Effects of potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate on endothelial function, cardiovascular risk factors, and bone turnover in mild hypertensives. Hypertension 55:681–688

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Heianza Y, Hara S, Arase Y, Saito K, Totsuka K, Tsuji H, Kodama S, Hsieh SD, Yamada N, Kosaka K, Sone H (2011) Low serum potassium levels and risk of type 2 diabetes: the Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 1 (TOPICS 1). Diabetologia 54:762–766

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Helderman JH, Elahi D, Andersen DK, Raizes GS, Tobin JD, Shocken D, Andres R (1983) Prevention of the glucose intolerance of thiazide diuretics by maintenance of body potassium. Diabetes 32:106–111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Houston MC (1988) The effects of antihypertensive drugs on glucose intolerance in hypertensive nondiabetics and diabetics. Am Heart J 115:640–656

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Houston MC, Harper KJ (2008) Potassium, magnesium, and calcium: their role in both the cause and treatment of hypertension. J Clin Hypertens 10:3–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Houston MC (2011) The importance of potassium in managing hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 13:309–317

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Howell SL, Taylor KW (1968) Potassium ions and the secretion of insulin by islets of Langerhans incubated in vitro. Biochem J 108:17–24

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Hu G, Jousilahti P, Peltonen M, Lindstrom J, Tuomilehto J (2005) Urinary sodium and potassium excretion and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in Finland. Diabetologia 48:1477–1483

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. IOM (2005) Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. National Academy Press, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  44. Ishimitsu T, Tobian L, Sugimoto K, Everson T (1996) High potassium diets reduce vascular and plasma lipid peroxides in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 18:659–673

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Iwamoto T (2006) Vascular Na+/Ca2+ exchanger: implications for the pathogenesis and therapy of salt-dependent hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 290:R536–R545

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Kido M, Ando K, Onozato ML, Tojo A, Yoshikawa M, Ogita T, Fujita T (2008) Protective effect of dietary potassium against vascular injury in salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertension 51:225–231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Knot HJ, Zimmermann PA, Nelson MT (1996) Extracellular K(+)-induced hyperpolarizations and dilatations of rat coronary and cerebral arteries involve inward rectifier K(+) channels. J Physiol 492(Pt 2):419–430

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Krishna GG, Chusid P, Hoeldtke RD (1987) Mild potassium depletion provokes renal sodium retention. J Lab Clin Med 109:724–730

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Krishna GG, Miller E, Kapoor S (1989) Increased blood pressure during potassium depletion in normotensive men. N Engl J Med 320:1177–1182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Krishna GG (1990) Effect of potassium intake on blood pressure. J Am Soc Nephrol 1:43–52

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Lee H, Lee J, Hwang SS, Kim S, Chin HJ, Han JS, Heo NJ (2013) Potassium intake and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2010. PLoS One 8:e55106

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, Amann M, Anderson HR, Andrews KG, Aryee M et al (2012) A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380:2224–2260

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Liu Z, Peng J, Lu F, Zhao Y, Wang S, Sun S, Zhang H, Diao Y (2013) Salt loading and potassium supplementation: effects on ambulatory arterial stiffness index and endothelin-1 levels in normotensive and mild hypertensive patients. J Clin Hypertens 15:485–496

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. McCabe RD, Bakarich MA, Srivastava K, Young DB (1994) Potassium inhibits free radical formation. Hypertension 24:77–82

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Meisinger C, Stockl D, Ruckert IM, Doring A, Thorand B, Heier M, Huth C, Belcredi P, Kowall B, Rathmann W (2013) Serum potassium is associated with prediabetes and newly diagnosed diabetes in hypertensive adults from the general population: the KORA F4-study. Diabetologia 56:484–491

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Meissner HP, Henquin JC, Preissler M (1978) Potassium dependence of the membrane potential of pancreatic B-cells. FEBS Lett 94:87–89

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Morris RC Jr, Sebastian A, Forman A, Tanaka M, Schmidlin O (1999) Normotensive salt sensitivity: effects of race and dietary potassium. Hypertension 33:18–23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Mukete BN, Rosendorff C (2013) Effects of low-dose thiazide diuretics on fasting plasma glucose and serum potassium—a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Hypertens 7:454–466

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Oberleithner H, Callies C, Kusche-Vihrog K, Schillers H, Shahin V, Riethmuller C, Macgregor GA, de Wardener HE (2009) Potassium softens vascular endothelium and increases nitric oxide release. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:2829–2834

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Ogihara T, Asano T, Ando K, Sakoda H, Anai M, Shojima N, Ono H, Onishi Y, Fujishiro M, Abe M et al (2002) High-salt diet enhances insulin signaling and induces insulin resistance in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertension 40:83–89

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Penney MD (2014) Sodium, water and potassium. Clinical biochemistry-metabolic and clinical aspects. In: Marshall WJ, Lapsley M, Day AP, Ayling RM (eds.) Elsevier

  62. Porth CM (2009) Disorders of blood pressure regulation. Porth’s pathophysiology. In: Hannon RA, Pooler C, Porth CM (eds.) Lippincott

  63. Rapoport MI, Hurd HF (1964) Thiazide-induced glucose intolerance treated with potassium. Arch Intern Med 113:405–408

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Rave K, Heise T, Weyer C, Sawicki P, Heinemann L (1999) Measurement of insulin sensitivity: influence of potassium supply during euglycaemic glucose clamps in healthy volunteers. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 107:313–317

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, Bravata DM, Dai S, Ford ES, Fox CS et al (2012) Heart disease and stroke statistics—2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 125:e2–e220

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Rowe JW, Tobin JD, Rosa RM, Andres R (1980) Effect of experimental potassium deficiency on glucose and insulin metabolism. Metab Clin Exp 29:498–502

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Schmid D, Stolzlechner M, Sorgner A, Bentele C, Assinger A, Chiba P, Moeslinger T (2012) An abundant, truncated human sulfonylurea receptor 1 splice variant has prodiabetic properties and impairs sulfonylurea action. Cell Mol Life Sci 69:129–148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Shin D, Joh HK, Kim KH, Park SM (2013) Benefits of potassium intake on metabolic syndrome: the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV). Atherosclerosis 230:80–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Smith SR, Klotman PE, Svetkey LP (1992) Potassium chloride lowers blood pressure and causes natriuresis in older patients with hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol 2:1302–1309

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Sun K, Lu J, Jiang Y, Xu M, Xu Y, Zhang J, Xu B, Sun J, Sun W, Ren C et al (2014) Low serum potassium level is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its related metabolic disorders. Clin Endocrinol 80:348–355

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Thornley-Brown D, Wang X, Wright JT Jr, Randall OS, Miller ER, Lash JP, Gassman J, Contreras G, Appel LJ, Agodoa LY, Cheek D (2006) Differing effects of antihypertensive drugs on the incidence of diabetes mellitus among patients with hypertensive kidney disease. Arch Intern Med 166:797–805

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Tocci G, Paneni F, Palano F, Sciarretta S, Ferrucci A, Kurtz T, Mancia G, Volpe M (2011) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers and diabetes: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled clinical trials. Am J Hypertens 24:582–590

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Triplitt CL (2012) Examining the mechanisms of glucose regulation. Am J Manag Care 18:S4–S10

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. van Bommel E, Cleophas T (2012) Potassium treatment for hypertension in patients with high salt intake: a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 50:478–482

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Weaver CM (2013) Potassium and health. Adv Nutr 4:368S–377S

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Weir MR, Rolfe M (2010) Potassium homeostasis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:531–548

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Welch AA, Fransen H, Jenab M, Boutron-Ruault MC, Tumino R, Agnoli C, Ericson U, Johansson I, Ferrari P, Engeset D et al (2009) Variation in intakes of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron and potassium in 10 countries in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. Eur J Clin Nutr 63(Suppl 4):S101–S121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Whelton PK, He J, Cutler JA, Brancati FL, Appel LJ, Follmann D, Klag MJ (1997) Effects of oral potassium on blood pressure. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. JAMA 277:1624–1632

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Wilkins RW (1959) New drugs for the treatment of hypertension. Ann Intern Med 50:1–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Yang BC, Li DY, Weng YF, Lynch J, Wingo CS, Mehta JL (1998) Increased superoxide anion generation and altered vasoreactivity in rabbits on low-potassium diet. Am J Physiol 274:H1955–H1961

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Yang SN, Shi Y, Yang G, Li Y, Yu J, Berggren PO (2014) Ionic mechanisms in pancreatic beta cell signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 71:4149–4177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Zhou MS, Kosaka H, Yoneyama H (2000) Potassium augments vascular relaxation mediated by nitric oxide in the carotid arteries of hypertensive Dahl rats. Am J Hypertens 13:666–672

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Zicha J, Dobesova Z, Behuliak M, Kunes J, Vaneckova I (2011) Preventive dietary potassium supplementation in young salt-sensitive Dahl rats attenuates development of salt hypertension by decreasing sympathetic vasoconstriction. Acta Physiol 202:29–38

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Zillich AJ, Garg J, Basu S, Bakris GL, Carter BL (2006) Thiazide diuretics, potassium, and the development of diabetes: a quantitative review. Hypertension 48:219–224

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Ms. Katja Herzog for literature support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090, Vienna, Austria

    Cem Ekmekcioglu

  2. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria

    Ibrahim Elmadfa & Alexa L. Meyer

  3. Institute of Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria

    Thomas Moeslinger

Authors
  1. Cem Ekmekcioglu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ibrahim Elmadfa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alexa L. Meyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Thomas Moeslinger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cem Ekmekcioglu.

Ethics declarations

Funding declaration

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ekmekcioglu, C., Elmadfa, I., Meyer, A.L. et al. The role of dietary potassium in hypertension and diabetes. J Physiol Biochem 72, 93–106 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-015-0449-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-015-0449-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation