Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The Adolescent and Young Adult With Cancer: State of the Art - Psychosocial Aspects

  • Pediatric Oncology (S Epelman, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Oncology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Adolescents and young adults with cancer are a distinct subgroup of patients within oncology. From the onset of symptoms until the completion of therapy and beyond, they face physical, psychological, and social challenges that are significantly different from those of adults and children. Survival rates and quality of life outcomes for this population have not improved to the same extent that have for younger and older patients. Improvements in quality of care, overall survival and quality of life for these patients require access to specialized care and participation in clinical trials; assistance with management of disease and treatment effects (especially fertility and body image issues); assessment of psychosocial needs; facilitated transition to off-treatment care; and referral to age-appropriated information and support services. Staff team caring for young patients must be dedicated to working with this age group and should have specialist knowledge and training to support their specific needs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Hamburg BA. Psychosocial development. In: Friedman SB, Fisger MM, Shonberg SK, Alderman EM, editors. Comprehensive adolescent health care. St Louis: Mosby; 1998. p. 38–49.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Arnett JJ. Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. Am Psychol. 2000;55:469–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Haase JE, Phillips CR. The adolescent/young adult experience. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 2004;21:145–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Zebrack BJ, Chesler MA, Penn A. Psychosocial support. In: Bleyer A, Barr RD, editors. Cancer in adolescents and young adults. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2007. p. 375–85.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  5. Evans M. Interacting with teenagers with cancer. In: Selby P, Bailey C, editors. Cancer and the adolescent. London: BMJ Publishing Group; 1996. p. 251–63.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Oppenheim D. Grandir avec un cancer: Adolescence et cancer. Bruxelles: De Boeck; 2003. p. 39–78.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Maguire P. Psychological and psychiatric morbidity. In: Selby P, Bailey C, editors. Cancer and the adolescent. London: BMJ Publishing Group; 1996. p. 136–46.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Smith M, Gurney J, Ries LAG, et al. Cancer among adolescents 15-19 years old. In: Ries LAG, Smith MA, Gurney J, editors. Cancer among children and adolescents. Bethesda: NIH Pub; 1999. p. 157–67. n° 99-4649.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bleyer A, Albritton KH, Ries LAG, Barr RD. Introduction. In: Bleyer A, Barr RD, editors. Cancer in adolescents and young adults. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2007. p. 1–26.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  10. Eiser C, Kuperberg A. Psychological support for adolescents and young adults. In: Bleyer A, Barr RD, editors. Cancer in adolescents and young adults. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2007. p. 365–73.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  11. Cooper LB. Potentially fatal illness. In: Friedman SB, Fisher MM, Shomberg SK, Alderman EM, editors. Comprehensive adolescent health care. St Louis: Mosby; 1998. p. 142–6.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Oppenheim D. L’ Adolescent cancéreux et la beauté. Adolescence. 1997;15:1109–21.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Rowland JH. Developmental stage and adaptation: Child and adolescent model. In: Holland J, Massie J, editors. Handbook of psychosocial oncology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1991. p. 519–43.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Spinetta JJ, Masera G, Eden T, et al. SIOP Working Committee on Psychosocial Issues in Pediatric Oncology: Refusal, non-compliance, and abandonment of treatment in children and adolescents with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2002;38:114–7.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Butow P, Palmer S, Pai A, et al. Review of adherence-related issues in adolescents and young adults with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4800–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Windebank KP, Spinetta JJ. Do as I say or die: compliance in adolescent with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50:1099–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Searle NS, Askins M, Bleyer A. Homebound schooling is the last favorable option for continued education of adolescent cancer patients: a preliminary report. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2003;40:380–4.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Evan EE, Kaufman M, Cook AB, Zeltzer LK. Sexual health and self-esteem in adolescents and young adults with cancer. Cancer. 2006;107:1672–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Morgan S, Davies S, Palmer S, Plaster M. Sex, drugs, and rock ’n’ roll: f childhood cancer survivors caring for adolescents and young adults with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4825–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Wallace WHB, Anderson RA, Irvine DS. Fertility preservation for young patients with cancer: who is at risk and what can be offered. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6:209–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Levine J, Canada A, Stern CJ. Fertility preservation in adolescents and young adults with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4831–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Delaney CH. Rites of passage in adolescence. Adolescence. 1995;30:891–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Zebrack B, Zeltzer L. Quality of live issues and cancer survivorship. Curr Probl Cancer. 2003;27:198–211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. van Dijk EM, van Dulmen-den BE, Kasper GJL, et al. Psychosexual functioning of childhood cancer survivors. Psychooncology. 2008;17:506–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Evan E, Zeltzer LK. Psychosocial dimensions of cancer in adolescents and young adults. Cancer. 2006;107:1663-71.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Tindle D, Denver K, Lilley F. Identity, image, and sexuality in young adults with cancer. Semin Oncol. 2009;36:281–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Zebrack B. Psychological, social, and behavioral issues for young adults with cancer. Cancer. 2011;117:2289–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Zebrack BJ, Chesler MA. Health-related worries, self-image and life outlooks of survivors of childhood cancer. Health Social Work. Health Soc Work. 2001;26:245–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Langeveld NE, Stam H, Grootenhuis MA, Last BF. Quality of life in young adult survivors of childhood cancer. Support Care Cancer. 2002;10:579–600.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Koocher GP, O`Malley JE, editors. The Damocles syndrome: Psychological consequences of surviving childhood cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Masten AS. Ordinary magic: resilience processes in development. Am Psychol. 2001;56:227–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Marsland AL, Ewing LJ, Thompson A. Psychological and social effects of surviving childhood cancer. In: Brown RT, editor. Comprehensive handbook of childhood cancer and sickle cell disease. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006. p. 237–61.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Newby WL, Brown RT, Pawletko TM, Gold SH, Whitt JK. Social skills and psychological adjustment of child and adolescent cancer survivors. Psycooncology. 2000;9:113–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Zebrack B, Bleyer A, Albritton K, et al. Assessing the health care needs of young adult cancer patients and survivors. Cancer. 2006;107:2915–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Freyer DR. Transition of care for young adult survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer: rationale and approaches. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4810–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Pritchard S, Cuvelier G, Harlos M, Barr R. Palliative care in adolescents and young adults with cancer. Cancer. 2011;117:2323–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Schrijvers D, Meijnders P. Palliative care in adolescents. Cancer Treat Rev. 2007;33:616–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Wein S, Pery S, Zer A. Role of palliative care in adolescent and young adult oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4819–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Epelman CL. End-of-life management in pediatric cancer. Curr Oncol Rep. 2012;4:191–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Breitbart W. Thoughts on the goals of psychosocial palliative care. Palliat Support Care. 2008;6:211–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. •• Coccia PF, Altman J, Bathia S, et al. Adolescent and young adult oncology. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 2012;10:1112–50. This excellent guidelines includes all relevant recommendations to improve total care for adolescent and young adult with cancer.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Bluebond-Langner M. In the Shadow of illness. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Zebrack B, Chesler M, Orbuch T, Parry C. Mothers of survivors of childhood cancer: their worries and concerns. J Psychosoc Oncol. 2002;20:1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Whyte F, Smith L. A literature review of adolescence and cancer. Eur J Cancer Care. 1997;6:137–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Zebrack B, Chesler M, Kaplan S. To foster healing among adolescents and young adults with cancer. What helps? What hurts? Support Care Cancer. 2010;18:131–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hayes-Lattin B, Mathews-Bradshaw B, Siegel S. Adolescent and young adult oncology training for health professionals: a position statement. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4858–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Worden W. Grief counseling and grief therapy - A handbook for the mental health practitioner. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Spinetta JJ, Jankovic M, Ben Arush MW, et al. Guidelines for the recognition, prevention and remediation of burnout in health care professionals participating in the care of children with cancer. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2000;35:122–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. •• Ramphal R, Meyer R, Schacter B, et al. Active therapy and models of care for adolescents and young adults with cancer. Cancer. 2011;117:2316–22. This article emphasizes the importance of development of ideal model of care which includes medical care, psychosocial support services and an age-appropriate physical environment.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Albritton K, Eden T. Access to care. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50:1094–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ferrari A, Montello M, Troy B, Bleyer A. The challenges of clinical trials for adolescents and young adults with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50:1101–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Albritton KH, Bleyer A. The management of cancer in the older adolescent. Eur J Cancer. 2003;39:2584–99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. LIVESTRONG Young Adult Alliance: Closing the Gap: A Strategic Plan: Adrdressing the Recommendations of the Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology Progress Review Group. Austin, Tx, Lance Armstrong Foundation, 2007. http://wwwlivestrong.org/pdfs/LAF-YAA-Report-pdf.

  54. • Zebrack B, Mathews-Bradshaw B, Siegel S. Quality cancer care for adolescents and young adults: a position statement. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4862–7. This important article describes recommendations for the oncology community to stimulate interest and illustrate the need to enhance quality of care for adolescents and young adults with cancer.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

Conflict of Interest

Claudia L. Epelman declares no potential conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Claudia L. Epelman.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Epelman, C.L. The Adolescent and Young Adult With Cancer: State of the Art - Psychosocial Aspects. Curr Oncol Rep 15, 325–331 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-013-0324-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-013-0324-6

Keywords

Navigation