Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Innovations in sexually transmitted disease partner services

  • Published:
Current Infectious Disease Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Recent increases in reported cases of several sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) speak to the urgent need for innovative methods of control and prevention, including improved partner notification. We review interviewing techniques and targeted geographic implementation, enhanced counseling for patient referral, and social network innovations. We also discuss expedited partner therapy: the provision of medications or prescriptions for sex partners who can then be treated prior to a clinical examination. Though the legality of this practice varies from state to state, a growing number of studies have shown its effectiveness, and local jurisdictions are encouraged to consider its feasibility. Another innovative method is use of the Internet to locate sex partners, reflecting trends in how people meet sex partners, and use of the same “venue” for treatment and prevention. We conclude with discussion of newly released recommendations for integrated HIV and STD partner services.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References and Recommended Reading

  1. Low N, Broutet N, Adu-Sarkodie Y, et al.: Global control of sexually transmitted infections. Lancet 2006, 368:2001–2016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Cunningham SD, Tschann J, Gurvey JE, et al.: Attitudes about sexual disclosure and perceptions of stigma and shame. Sex Transm Infect 2002, 78:334–338.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Cowan FM, French R, Johnson AM: The role and effectiveness of partner notification in STD control: a review. Genitourin Med 1996, 72:247–252.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Parran T: Shadow on the Land. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Willcox RR: A world look at the venereal diseases. Med Clin North Am 1972, 50:1057–1071.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Potterat JJ, King RD: A new approach to gonorrhea control: the asymptomatic man and gonorrhea control. JAMA 1981, 245:578–580.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Woodhouse DE, Potterat JJ, Muth JB, et al.: A civilian-military partnership to reduce the incidence of gonorrhea. Pub Health Rep 1985, 100:61–65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Han Y, Coles B, Muse A, et al.: Assessment of a geographically targeted field intervention on gonorrhea incidence in two New York state counties. Sex Transm Dis 1999, 26:296–302.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Mahajan AP, Sayles JN, Patel VA, et al.: Stigma in the HIV/AIDS epidemic: a review of the literature and recommendations for the way forward. AIDS 2008, 22(Suppl 2):S67–S79.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Merson MH, O’Malley J, Serwadda D, Apisuk C: The history and challenge of HIV prevention. Lancet 2008, 372:475–488.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Eng TR, Butler WT, eds: The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Recommendations for partner services programs for HIV infection, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydial infection. MMWR Recomm Rep 2008, 57(RR-9):1–83.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Brewer DD, Potterat JJ, Muth SQ, et al.: Randomized trial of supplementary interviewing techniques to enhance recall of sexual partners in contact interviews. Sex Transm Dis 2005, 32:189–193.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Brewer DD, Garrett SB, Kulasingam S: Forgetting as a cause of incomplete reporting of sexual and drug injection partners. Sex Transm Dis 1999, 26:166–176.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Brewer DD, Garrett SB: Evaluation of interviewing techniques to enhance recall of sexual and drug injection partners. Sex Transm Dis 2001, 28:666–677.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Du P, Coles FB, Gerber T, McNutt LA: Effects of partner notification on reducing gonorrhea incidence rate. Sex Transm Dis 2007, 34:189–194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Wilson TE, Hogben M, Malka ES, et al.: A randomized controlled trial for reducing risks for sexually transmitted infections through enhanced patient-based partner notification. Am J Public Health 2008 (Epub ahead of print).

  18. Mathews C, Coetzee D: Partner notification for the control of sexually transmitted infections. BMJ 2007, 334:323.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Lin JS, Whitlock E, O’Connor E, Bauer V: Behavioral counseling to prevent sexually transmitted infections: a review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2008, 149:497–508.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. De P, Singh AE, Wong T, et al.: Sexual network analysis of a gonorrhea outbreak. Sex Transm Infect 2004, 80:280–285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Jolly AM, Muth SQ, Wylie JL, Potterat JJ: Sexual networks and sexually transmitted infections: a tale of two cities. J Urban Health 2001, 78:433–445.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Rothenberg RR, Kimbrough L, Lewis-Hardy R, et al.: Social network methods for endemic foci of syphilis: a pilot project. Sex Transm Dis 2000, 27:12–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Use of social networks to identify persons with undiagnosed HIV infection-seven US cities, October 2003-September 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005, 54:601–605.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Golden MR, Gift TL, Brewer DD, et al.: Peer referral for HIV case-finding among men who have sex with men. AIDS 2006, 20:1961–1968.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Golden MR, Hogben M, Handsfield HH, et al.: Partner notification for HIV and STD in the United States: low coverage for gonorrhea, chlamydial infection, and HIV. Sex Transm Dis 2003, 30:490–496.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hogben M, St. Lawrence JS, Montano D, et al.: Physician opinions of three forms of STD partner notification: Responses from a national survey. Sex Transm Infect 2004, 80:30–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. St. Lawrence JS, Montano DE, Kasprzyk D, et al.: STD screening, testing, case reporting, and clinical and partner notification practices: a national survey of US physicians. Am J Public Health 2002, 92:1784–1788.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines, 2006. MMWR Recomm Rep 2006, 55(RR-11):1–94.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Kissinger PK, Brown R, Reed K, et al.: Effectiveness of patient delivered partner medication for preventing recurrent chlamydial infection. Sex Transm Infect 1998, 74:331–333.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Schillinger JA, Kissinger P, Calvet H, et al.: Patient-delivered partner treatment with azithromycin to prevent repeated Chlamydia trachomatis infection among women: a randomized, controlled trial. Sex Transm Dis 2003, 30:49–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Golden MR, Whittington WL, Handsfield HH, et al.: Effect of expedited treatment of sex partners on recurrent or persistent gonorrhea or chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:676–685.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kissinger PJ, Mohammed H, Richardson-Alston G, et al.: Patient-delivered partner treatment for male urethritis: a randomized, controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41:623–629.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kissinger PJ, Schmidt N, Mohammed H, et al.: Patient-delivered partner treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis infection: a randomized controlled trial. Sex Transm Dis 2006, 33:445–455.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Trelle S, Shang A, Nartey L, Cassell JA, Low N. Improved effectiveness of partner notification for patients with sexually transmitted infections: systematic review. BMJ 2007, 334:354.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Expedited Partner Therapy in the Management of Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Review and Guidance. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2006. Available at www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/EPTFinalReport2006.pdf. Accessed July 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Habel M, Hogben M: Public health guidance dissemination via the internet: expedited partner therapy. Sex Transm Dis 2009, 36:22–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Hodge JG, Pulver A, Hogben M, et al.: Expedited partner therapy for sexually transmitted diseases: assessing the legal environment. Am J Public Health 2008, 98:238–243.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. McFarlane M, Bull SS, Rietmeijer CA: The Internet as a newly emerging risk environment for sexually transmitted diseases. JAMA 2000, 284:443–446.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Klausner JD, Wolf W, Fischer-Ponce L, et al.: Tracing a syphilis outbreak through cyberspace. JAMA 2000, 284:447–449.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Using the Internet for partner notification of sexually transmitted diseases–Los Angeles, California, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004, 53:129–131.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 2006. Atlanta, GA: Department of Health and Human Services; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  42. McFarlane M, Kachur R, Klausner JD, et al.: Internet-based health promotion and disease control in the 8 cities: successes, barriers, and future plans. Sex Transm Dis 2005, 32(Suppl):S60–S64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Vest JR, Valadez AM, Hanner A, et al.: Using e-mail to notify pseudonymous e-mail sex partners. Sex Transm Dis 2007, 34:840–845.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Mimiaga MJ, Tetu AM, Gortmaker S, et al.: HIV and STD status among MSM and attitudes about Internet partner notification for STD exposure. Sex Transm Dis 2008, 35:111–116.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Levine D, Woodruff AJ, Mocello AR, et al.: InSPOT: the first online STD partner notification system using electronic postcards. PLoS Med 2008, 5:e213.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. National Coalition of STD Directors: Guidelines for internet-based partner services, 2008. Available at http://www.ncsddc.org/upload/wysiwyg/documents/IGPS.pdf. Accessed July 2008.

  47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: HIV Partner Counseling and Referral Services Guidance. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Program Operations: Guidelines for STD Prevention (Partner Services). Atlanta, GA: Department of Health and Human Services; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Marks G, Crepaz N, Senterfitt JW, Janssen RS: Meta-analysis of high-risk sexual behavior in persons aware and unaware they are infected with HIV in the United States: implications for HIV prevention programs. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005, 39:446–453.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matthew Hogben.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hogben, M., Niccolai, L.M. Innovations in sexually transmitted disease partner services. Curr Infect Dis Rep 11, 148–154 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-009-0022-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-009-0022-6

Keywords

Navigation