Abstract
Background
There is increasing concern over the risk of consumer unintentional misuse of non-prescription (a.k.a. ‘over-the-counter’) medications containing acetaminophen, which could lead to acute liver failure.
Objective
To determine the prevalence of potential misuse and overdose of over-the-counter medications containing acetaminophen, either alone or in combination.
Design
Cross-sectional, structured interviews with literacy assessment.
Setting
One academic and one community-based general internal medicine practice in Chicago, IL, and one academic general internal medicine practice and a public hospital clinic in Atlanta, GA.
Patients
Five hundred adults seeking primary care, ages 18–80.
Measurement
Demonstration of how and when patients would take over-the-counter medications containing acetaminophen, alone or in combination with one another, over a 24-hour period.
Results
Overall, 23.8 % of participants demonstrated they would overdose on a single over-the-counter acetaminophen product by exceeding a dose of four grams in a 24-hour period; 5.2 % made serious errors by dosing out more than six grams. In addition, 45.6 % of adults demonstrated they would overdose by ‘double-dipping’ with two acetaminophen-containing products. In multivariable analyses, limited literacy (Relative Risk Ratio (RR) 1.65, 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) 1.03–2.66) and heavy acetaminophen use in the past six months (RR 1.70, 95 % CI 1.10–2.64) were independently associated with overdosing over-the-counter products.
Conclusion
Misunderstanding of the active ingredient and proper instructions for over-the-counter medications containing acetaminophen is common. The potential for errors and adverse events associated with unintentional misuse of these products is substantial, particularly among heavy users of acetaminophen and those with limited literacy.
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Acknowledgements
This project was supported by an unrestricted grant from McNeil Consumer Healthcare (PI: Wolf). The funding for this study was under an Investigator-Initiated Research (IIR) mechanism through McNeil Consumer Healthcare, and the funder had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, or interpretation of findings
Conflict of Interest
Drs. Wolf and Davis have previously provided research consultation services (health literacy, study design for comprehension testing for OTC product use) for McNeil Consumer Healthcare. Dr. Wolf and Stacy Bailey are Consultants to Abbott Labs. All other authors declare they do not have a conflict of interest.
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Wolf, M.S., King, J., Jacobson, K. et al. Risk of Unintentional Overdose with Non-Prescription Acetaminophen Products. J GEN INTERN MED 27, 1587–1593 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-012-2096-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-012-2096-3