Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

What Does Diffusion Tensor Imaging Reveal About the Brain and Cognition in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders?

  • Review
  • Published:
Neuropsychology Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Over the past 5 years, Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) has begun to provide new evidence about the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on white matter development. DTI, which examines microstructural tissue integrity, is sensitive to more subtle white matter abnormalities than traditional volumetric MRI methods. Thus far, the available DTI data suggest that white matter microstructural abnormalities fall on a continuum of severity in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). Abnormalities are prominent in the corpus callosum, but also evident in major anterior-posterior fiber bundles, corticospinal tracts, and cerebellum. These subtle abnormalities are correlated with neurocognitive deficits, especially in processing speed, non-verbal ability, and executive functioning. Future studies using larger samples, increasingly sophisticated DTI methods, and additional functional MRI connectivity measures will better characterize the full range of abnormalities in FASD. Ultimately, these measures may serve as indices of change in future longitudinal studies and in studies of interventions for FASD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abel, E. L. (1995). An update on incidence of FAS: FAS is not an equal opportunity birth defect. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 17(4), 437–443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aboitiz, F., Scheibel, A. B., Fisher, R. S., & Zaidel, E. (1992). Fiber composition of the human corpus callosum. Brain Research, 598(1–2), 143–153.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, A. L., Lee, J. E., Lazar, M., Boudos, R., DuBray, M. B., Oakes, T. R., et al. (2007). Diffusion tensor imaging of the corpus callosum in Autism. Neuroimage, 34(1), 61–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alkonyi, B., Govindan, R. M., Chugani, H. T., Behen, M. E., Jeong, J. W., & Juhasz, C. (2010). Focal white matter abnormalities related to neurocognitive dysfunction: An objective diffusion tensor imaging study of children with Sturge-Weber syndrome. Pediatric Research.

  • Archibald, S. L., Fennema-Notestine, C., Gamst, A., Riley, E. P., Mattson, S. N., & Jernigan, T. L. (2001). Brain dysmorphology in individuals with severe prenatal alcohol exposure. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 43(3), 148–154.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashtari, M., Kumra, S., Bhaskar, S. L., Clarke, T., Thaden, E., Cervellione, K. L., et al. (2005). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a preliminary diffusion tensor imaging study. Biological Psychiatry, 57(5), 448–455.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barkovich, A. J., Kjos, B. O., Jackson, D. E., Jr., & Norman, D. (1988). Normal maturation of the neonatal and infant brain: MR imaging at 1.5 T. Radiology, 166(1 Pt 1), 180–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnea-Goraly, N., Kwon, H., Menon, V., Eliez, S., Lotspeich, L., & Reiss, A. L. (2004). White matter structure in autism: preliminary evidence from diffusion tensor imaging. Biological Psychiatry, 55(3), 323–326.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barnea-Goraly, N., Menon, V., Eckert, M., Tamm, L., Bammer, R., Karchemskiy, A., et al. (2005). White matter development during childhood and adolescence: a cross-sectional diffusion tensor imaging study. Cerebral Cortex, 15(12), 1848–1854.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basser, P. J. (1995). Inferring microstructural features and the physiological state of tissues from diffusion-weighted images. NMR in Biomedicine, 8(7–8), 333–344.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basser, P. J., Mattiello, J., & LeBihan, D. (1994a). Estimation of the effective self-diffusion tensor from the NMR spin echo. Journal of Magnetic Resonance. Series B, 103(3), 247–254.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basser, P. J., Mattiello, J., & LeBihan, D. (1994b). MR diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging. Biophysical Journal, 66(1), 259–267.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basser, P. J., & Pierpaoli, C. (1996). Microstructural and physiological features of tissues elucidated by quantitative-diffusion-tensor MRI. Journal of Magnetic Resonance. Series B, 111(3), 209–219.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basser, P. J., & Pierpaoli, C. (1998). A simplified method to measure the diffusion tensor from seven MR images. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 39(6), 928–934.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beaulieu, C. (2002). The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system—a technical review. NMR in Biomedicine, 15(7–8), 435–455.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beaulieu, C. (2009). The biological basis of diffusion anisotropy. In H. B. Johansen-Berg & T. E. J. Behrens (Eds.), From quantitative measurement to in-vivo neuroanatomy. London: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatara, V., Loudenberg, R., & Ellis, R. (2006). Association of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and gestational alcohol exposure: an exploratory study. Journal of Attention Disorders, 9(3), 515–522.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biswal, B., Yetkin, F. Z., Haughton, V. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1995). Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar MRI. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 34(4), 537–541.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonekamp, D., Nagae, L. M., Degaonkar, M., Matson, M., Abdalla, W. M., Barker, P. B., et al. (2007). Diffusion tensor imaging in children and adolescents: reproducibility, hemispheric, and age-related differences. Neuroimage, 34(2), 733–742.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bookstein, F. L., Sampson, P. D., Connor, P. D., & Streissguth, A. P. (2002). Midline corpus callosum is a neuroanatomical focus of fetal alcohol damage. The Anatomical Record, 269(3), 162–174.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bookstein, F. L., Sampson, P. D., Streissguth, A. P., & Connor, P. D. (2001). Geometric morphometrics of corpus callosum and subcortical structures in the fetal-alcohol-affected brain. Teratology, 64(1), 4–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bookstein, F. L., Streissguth, A. P., Sampson, P. D., Connor, P. D., & Barr, H. M. (2002). Corpus callosum shape and neuropsychological deficits in adult males with heavy fetal alcohol exposure. Neuroimage, 15(1), 233–251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broyd, S. J., Demanuele, C., Debener, S., Helps, S. K., James, C. J., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2008). Default-mode brain dysfunction in mental disorders: a systematic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33(3), 279–296.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cao, Q., Sun, L., Gong, G., Lv, Y., Cao, X., Shuai, L., et al. (2010). The macrostructural and microstructural abnormalities of corpus callosum in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a combined morphometric and diffusion tensor MRI study. Brain Research, 1310, 172–180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chanraud, S., Zahr, N., Sullivan, E. V., & Pfefferbaum, A. (2010). MR diffusion tensor imaging: a window into white matter integrity of the working brain. Neuropsychology Review, 20(2), 209–225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cloak, C. C., Ernst, T., Fujii, L., Hedemark, B., & Chang, L. (2009). Lower diffusion in white matter of children with prenatal methamphetamine exposure. Neurology, 72(24), 2068–2075.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cykowski, M. D., Fox, P. T., Ingham, R. J., Ingham, J. C., & Robin, D. A. (2010). A study of the reproducibility and etiology of diffusion anisotropy differences in developmental stuttering: a potential role for impaired myelination. Neuroimage, 52(4), 1495–1504.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davenport, N. D., Karatekin, C., White, T., & Lim, K. O. (2010). Differential fractional anisotropy abnormalities in adolescents with ADHD or schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 181(3), 193–198.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Della Grotta, S., LaGasse, L. L., Arria, A. M., Derauf, C., Grant, P., Smith, L. M., et al. (2010). Patterns of methamphetamine use during pregnancy: results from the Infant Development, Environment, and Lifestyle (IDEAL) Study. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 14(4), 519–527.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eluvathingal, T. J., Hasan, K. M., Kramer, L., Fletcher, J. M., & Ewing-Cobbs, L. (2007). Quantitative diffusion tensor tractography of association and projection fibers in normally developing children and adolescents. Cerebral Cortex, 17(12), 2760–2768.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fair, D. A., Cohen, A. L., Dosenbach, N. U., Church, J. A., Miezin, F. M., Barch, D. M., et al. (2008). The maturing architecture of the brain's default network. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(10), 4028–4032.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faria, A. V., Hoon, A., Stashinko, E., Li, X., Jiang, H., Mashayekh, A., et al. (2010). Quantitative analysis of brain pathology based on MRI and brain atlases-Applications for cerebral palsy. Neuroimage.

  • Filippi, C. G., Lin, D. D., Tsiouris, A. J., Watts, R., Packard, A. M., Heier, L. A., et al. (2003). Diffusion-tensor MR imaging in children with developmental delay: preliminary findings. Radiology, 229(1), 44–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Filley, C. M. (1998). The behavioral neurology of cerebral white matter. Neurology, 50(6), 1535–1540.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Filley, C. M., & Kleinschmidt-DeMasters, B. K. (2001). Toxic leukoencephalopathy. The New England Journal of Medicine, 345(6), 425–432.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, R. J., Cronin, T., Lin, J., Wang, X., Sakaie, K., Ontaneda, D., et al. (2010). Measuring Myelin Repair and Axonal Loss with Diffusion Tensor Imaging. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology.

  • Fryer, S. L., McGee, C. L., Matt, G. E., Riley, E. P., & Mattson, S. N. (2007). Evaluation of psychopathological conditions in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Pediatrics, 119(3), e733–741.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fryer, S. L., Schweinsburg, B. C., Bjorkquist, O. A., Frank, L. R., Mattson, S. N., Spadoni, A. D., et al. (2009). Characterization of white matter microstructure in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 33(3), 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, W., Lin, W., Chen, Y., Gerig, G., Smith, J. K., Jewells, V., et al. (2008). Temporal and spatial development of axonal maturation and myelination of white matter in the developing brain. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 30(2), 290–296.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geschwind, N. (1965). Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. I. Brain, 88(2), 237–294.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giorgio, A., Watkins, K. E., Chadwick, M., James, S., Winmill, L., Douaud, G., et al. (2010). Longitudinal changes in grey and white matter during adolescence. Neuroimage, 49(1), 94–103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giorgio, A., Watkins, K. E., Douaud, G., James, A. C., James, S., De Stefano, N., et al. (2008). Changes in white matter microstructure during adolescence. Neuroimage, 39(1), 52–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greicius, M. (2008). Resting-state functional connectivity in neuropsychiatric disorders. Current Opinion in Neurology, 21(4), 424–430.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Groen, W. B., Buitelaar, J. K., van der Gaag, R. J., & Zwiers, M. P. (2010). Pervasive microstructural abnormalities in autism: a DTI study. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience.

  • Hamilton, L. S., Levitt, J. G., O'Neill, J., Alger, J. R., Luders, E., Phillips, O. R., et al. (2008). Reduced white matter integrity in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. NeuroReport, 19(17), 1705–1708.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hasan, K. M., Kamali, A., Iftikhar, A., Kramer, L. A., Papanicolaou, A. C., Fletcher, J. M., et al. (2009). Diffusion tensor tractography quantification of the human corpus callosum fiber pathways across the lifespan. Brain Research, 1249, 91–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasan, K. M., Kamali, A., Kramer, L. A., Papnicolaou, A. C., Fletcher, J. M., & Ewing-Cobbs, L. (2008). Diffusion tensor quantification of the human midsagittal corpus callosum subdivisions across the lifespan. Brain Research, 1227, 52–67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayakawa, K., Konishi, Y., Kuriyama, M., Konishi, K., & Matsuda, T. (1991). Normal brain maturation in MRI. European Journal of Radiology, 12(3), 208–215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hermoye, L., Saint-Martin, C., Cosnard, G., Lee, S. K., Kim, J., Nassogne, M. C., et al. (2006). Pediatric diffusion tensor imaging: normal database and observation of the white matter maturation in early childhood. Neuroimage, 29(2), 493–504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, B. A., Haas, D. K., Norman, D., Brant-Zawadzki, M., & Newton, T. H. (1986). MRI of normal brain maturation. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 7(2), 201–208.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, H., Zhang, J., Wakana, S., Zhang, W., Ren, T., Richards, L. J., et al. (2006). White and gray matter development in human fetal, newborn and pediatric brains. Neuroimage, 33(1), 27–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Innocenti, G. M. (1986). General ogranization of callosal connections in cerebral cortex. In E. G. Jones (Ed.), Cerebral cortex (pp. 291–354). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, L. K., Picciotto, M. R., Heath, C. J., Frost, S. J., Tsou, K. A., Dwan, R. A., et al. (2007). Prenatal and adolescent exposure to tobacco smoke modulates the development of white matter microstructure. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27(49), 13491–13498.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, J. M., Vaishnavi, S. N., Smyth, M. D., Zhang, D., He, B. J., Zempel, J. M., et al. (2008). Loss of resting interhemispheric functional connectivity after complete section of the corpus callosum. The Journal of Neuroscience, 28(25), 6453–6458.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. K., & Cercignani, M. (2010). Twenty-five pitfalls in the analysis of diffusion MRI data. NMR in Biomedicine, 23(7), 803–820.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kao, Y. C., Peng, S. S., Weng, W. C., Lin, M. I., & Lee, W. T. (2010). Evaluation of White Matter Changes in Agyria-Pachygyria Complex Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging. Journal of Child Neurology.

  • Keller, T. A., & Just, M. A. (2009). Altering cortical connectivity: remediation-induced changes in the white matter of poor readers. Neuron, 64(5), 624–631.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinney, H. C., Brody, B. A., Kloman, A. S., & Gilles, F. H. (1988). Sequence of central nervous system myelination in human infancy. II. Patterns of myelination in autopsied infants. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 47(3), 217–234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobel, M., Bechtel, N., Specht, K., Klarhofer, M., Weber, P., Scheffler, K., et al. (2010). Structural and functional imaging approaches in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: does the temporal lobe play a key role? Psychiatry Research, 183(3), 230–236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, M., Srivastava, A., Agarwal, S., Behari, S., Malik, G. K., Rathore, R. K., et al. (2010). Cognitive functions correlate with diffusion tensor imaging metrics in patients with spina bifida cystica. Childs Nervous System.

  • Le Bihan, D. (1995). Molecular diffusion, tissue microdynamics and microstructure. NMR in Biomedicine, 8(7–8), 375–386.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le Bihan, D. (2003). Looking into the functional architecture of the brain with diffusion MRI. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 4(6), 469–480.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lebel, C., Rasmussen, C., Wyper, K., Andrew, G., & Beaulieu, C. (2010). Brain microstructure is related to math ability in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 34(2), 354–363.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lebel, C., Rasmussen, C., Wyper, K., Walker, L., Andrew, G., Yager, J., et al. (2008). Brain diffusion abnormalities in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 23(10), 1732–1740.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebel, C., Walker, L., Leemans, A., Phillips, L., & Beaulieu, C. (2008). Microstructural maturation of the human brain from childhood to adulthood. Neuroimage, 40(3), 1044–1055.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, L., Coles, C. D., Lynch, M. E., & Hu, X. (2009). Voxelwise and skeleton-based region of interest analysis of fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in young adults. Human Brain Mapping, 30(10), 3265–3274.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, X., Coles, C. D., Lynch, M. E., Laconte, S. M., Zurkiya, O., Wang, D., et al. (2005). Evaluation of corpus callosum anisotropy in young adults with fetal alcohol syndrome according to diffusion tensor imaging. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 29(7), 1214–1222.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masutani, Y., Aoki, S., Abe, O., Hayashi, N., & Otomo, K. (2003). MR diffusion tensor imaging: recent advance and new techniques for diffusion tensor visualization. European Journal of Radiology, 46(1), 53–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mattson, S. N., & Riley, E. P. (1998). A review of the neurobehavioral deficits in children with fetal alcohol syndrome or prenatal exposure to alcohol. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 22(2), 279–294.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mori, S., & Zhang, J. (2006). Principles of diffusion tensor imaging and its applications to basic neuroscience research. Neuron, 51(5), 527–539.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moseley, M. E., Cohen, Y., Kucharczyk, J., Mintorovitch, J., Asgari, H. S., Wendland, M. F., et al. (1990). Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of anisotropic water diffusion in cat central nervous system. Radiology, 176(2), 439–445.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muetzel, R. L., Collins, P. F., Mueller, B. A., Schissel, A. M., Lim, K. O., & Luciana, M. (2008). The development of corpus callosum microstructure and associations with bimanual task performance in healthy adolescents. Neuroimage, 39(4), 1918–1925.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mullen, K. M., Vohr, B. R., Katz, K. H., Schneider, K. C., Lacadie, C., Hampson, M., et al. (2010). Preterm birth results in alterations in neural connectivity at age 16 years. Neuroimage.

  • Neil, J., Miller, J., Mukherjee, P., & Huppi, P. S. (2002). Diffusion tensor imaging of normal and injured developing human brain—a technical review. NMR in Biomedicine, 15(7–8), 543–552.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary-Moore, S., Parnell, S. E., Lipinski, R. J., & Sulik, K. K. (2011). Magnetic resonance-based imaging in animal models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Neuropsychology Review, 21(2), in press.

  • Pantoni, L., & Garcia, J. H. (1995). The significance of cerebral white matter abnormalities 100 years after Binswanger’s report. A review. Stroke, 26(7), 1293–1301.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paus, T. (2009). Growth of white matter in the adolescent brain: Myelin or axon? Brain Cogn.

  • Perham-Hester, K. A., & Gessner, B. D. (1997). Correlates of drinking during the third trimester of pregnancy in Alaska. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 1(3), 165–172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfefferbaum, A., Sullivan, E. V., Hedehus, M., Adalsteinsson, E., Lim, K. O., & Moseley, M. (2000). In vivo detection and functional correlates of white matter microstructural disruption in chronic alcoholism. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 24(8), 1214–1221.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu, D., Tan, L. H., Zhou, K., & Khong, P. L. (2008). Diffusion tensor imaging of normal white matter maturation from late childhood to young adulthood: voxel-wise evaluation of mean diffusivity, fractional anisotropy, radial and axial diffusivities, and correlation with reading development. Neuroimage, 41(2), 223–232.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radua, J., Via, E., Catani, M., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2010). Voxel-based meta-analysis of regional white-matter volume differences in autism spectrum disorder versus healthy controls. Psychological Medicine, 1–12.

  • Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001). A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98(2), 676–682.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raichle, M. E., & Snyder, A. Z. (2007). A default mode of brain function: a brief history of an evolving idea. Neuroimage, 37(4), 1083–1090. discussion 1097–1089.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, S. M. (1995). Neuropsychology of multiple sclerosis. Current Opinion in Neurology, 8(3), 216–220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riley, E. P., Mattson, S. N., Sowell, E. R., Jernigan, T. L., Sobel, D. F., & Jones, K. L. (1995). Abnormalities of the corpus callosum in children prenatally exposed to alcohol. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 19(5), 1198–1202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roebuck, T. M., Mattson, S. N., & Riley, E. P. (2002). Interhemispheric transfer in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 26(12), 1863–1871.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, P. D., Streissguth, A. P., Bookstein, F. L., Little, R. E., Clarren, S. K., Dehaene, P., et al. (1997). Incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome and prevalence of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder. Teratology, 56(5), 317–326.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmithorst, V. J., & Yuan, W. (2009). White matter development during adolescence as shown by diffusion MRI. Brain Cogn.

  • Schweder, P. M., Joint, C., Hansen, P. C., Green, A. L., Quaghebeur, G., & Aziz, T. Z. (2010). Chronic pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation restores functional connectivity. NeuroReport, 21(17), 1065–1068.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla, D. K., Keehn, B., & Muller, R. A. (2010). Tract-specific analyses of diffusion tensor imaging show widespread white matter compromise in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines.

  • Skudlarski, P., Jagannathan, K., Calhoun, V. D., Hampson, M., Skudlarska, B. A., & Pearlson, G. (2008). Measuring brain connectivity: diffusion tensor imaging validates resting state temporal correlations. Neuroimage, 43(3), 554–561.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. M., Jenkinson, M., Johansen-Berg, H., Rueckert, D., Nichols, T. E., Mackay, C. E., et al. (2006). Tract-based spatial statistics: voxelwise analysis of multi-subject diffusion data. Neuroimage, 31(4), 1487–1505.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sowell, E. R., Johnson, A., Kan, E., Lu, L. H., Van Horn, J. D., Toga, A. W., et al. (2008). Mapping white matter integrity and neurobehavioral correlates in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. The Journal of Neuroscience, 28(6), 1313–1319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sowell, E. R., Mattson, S. N., Thompson, P. M., Jernigan, T. L., Riley, E. P., & Toga, A. W. (2001). Mapping callosal morphology and cognitive correlates: effects of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Neurology, 57(2), 235–244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., Mattson, S. N., Tessner, K. D., Jernigan, T. L., Riley, E. P., et al. (2001). Voxel-based morphometric analyses of the brain in children and adolescents prenatally exposed to alcohol. NeuroReport, 12(3), 515–523.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stejskal, E. O., & Tanner, J. E. (1965). Spin diffusion measurements: spin echos in the presence of time-dependent field gradient. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 42, 288–292.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Streissguth, A. P., Sampson, P. D., Olson, H. C., Bookstein, F. L., Barr, H. M., Scott, M., et al. (1994). Maternal drinking during pregnancy: attention and short-term memory in 14-year-old offspring–a longitudinal prospective study. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 18(1), 202–218.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, E. V. (Ed.). (2010). Historical feature on disconnexion syndrome in animals and man by Norman Geschwind [Special Issue]. Neuropsychology Review (Vol. 20(2)).

  • Sullivan, E. V., & Pfefferbaum, A. (2011). Diffusion tensor imaging in aging and age-related disorders. In D. K. Jones (Ed.), Diffusion MRI: Theory, methods, and applications (pp. 624–643). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teipel, S. J., Meindl, T., Wagner, M., Stieltjes, B., Reuter, S., Hauenstein, K. H., et al. (2010). Longitudinal changes in fiber tract integrity in healthy aging and mild cognitive impairment: A DTI follow-up study. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 22(2), 507–522.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trivedi, R., Gupta, R. K., Shah, V., Tripathi, M., Rathore, R. K., Kumar, M., et al. (2008). Treatment-induced plasticity in cerebral palsy: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Pediatric Neurology, 39(5), 341–349.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uddin, L. Q., Kelly, A. M., Biswal, B. B., Margulies, D. S., Shehzad, Z., Shaw, D., et al. (2008). Network homogeneity reveals decreased integrity of default-mode network in ADHD. J Neurosci Methods, 169(1), 249–254.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Utsunomiya, H. (2010). Diffusion MRI abnormalities in pediatric neurological disorders. Brain and Development.

  • Walhovd, K. B., Westlye, L. T., Moe, V., Slinning, K., Due-Tonnessen, P., Bjornerud, A., et al. (2010). White matter characteristics and cognition in prenatally opiate- and polysubstance-exposed children: a diffusion tensor imaging study. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 31(5), 894–900.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, T. D., Behnke, M., Eyler, F. D., Padgett, K., Leonard, C., Hou, W., et al. (2006). Diffusion tensor imaging of frontal white matter and executive functioning in cocaine-exposed children. Pediatrics, 118(5), 2014–2024.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilde, E. A., Chu, Z., Bigler, E. D., Hunter, J. V., Fearing, M. A., Hanten, G., et al. (2006). Diffusion tensor imaging in the corpus callosum in children after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 23(10), 1412–1426.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wozniak, J. R., Krach, L., Ward, E., Mueller, B. A., Muetzel, R., Schnoebelen, S., et al. (2007). Neurocognitive and neuroimaging correlates of pediatric traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) study. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(5), 555–568.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wozniak, J. R., Mueller, B. A., Chang, P., Muetzel, R. L., Caros, L., & Lim, K. O. (2006). Diffusion tensor imaging in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 30(10), 1799–1806.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wozniak, J. R., Mueller, B. A., & Lim, K. O. (2008). Diffusion tensor imaging. In C. A. Nelson & M. Luciana (Eds.), Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience (2nd ed., pp. 301–310). Cambridge: MIT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wozniak, J. R., Mueller, B. A., Muetzel, R. L., Bell, C. J., Hoecker, H. L., Nelson, M. L., et al. (2011). Inter-hemispheric functional connectivity disruption in children with prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research.

  • Wozniak, J. R., Mueller, B. A., Ward, E. E., Lim, K. O., & Day, J. W. (2011). White matter abnormalities and neurocognitive correlates in children and adolescents with myotonic dystrophy type 1: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging study. Neuromuscular Disorders.

  • Wozniak, J. R., Muetzel, R. L., Mueller, B. A., McGee, C. L., Freerks, M. A., Ward, E. E., et al. (2009). Microstructural corpus callosum anomalies in children with prenatal alcohol exposure: an extension of previous diffusion tensor imaging findings. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 33(10), 1825–1835.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, T. C., Wilde, E. A., Bigler, E. D., Li, X., Merkley, T. L., Yallampalli, R., et al. (2010). Longitudinal Changes in the Corpus Callosum following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury. Developmental Neuroscience.

  • Yakolev, P. I., & Lecours, A. R. (1967). The myelogenic cycles of regional maturation of the brain. In A. Minkowski (Ed.), Regional development of the brain in early life (pp. 3–70). Blackwell: Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, S., Hayakawa, K., Yamamoto, A., Okano, S., Kanda, T., Yamori, Y., et al. (2010). Quantitative diffusion tensor tractography of the motor and sensory tract in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, F256/2B West, 2450 Riverside Ave., Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA

    Jeffrey R. Wozniak & Ryan L. Muetzel

Authors
  1. Jeffrey R. Wozniak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ryan L. Muetzel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jeffrey R. Wozniak.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wozniak, J.R., Muetzel, R.L. What Does Diffusion Tensor Imaging Reveal About the Brain and Cognition in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders?. Neuropsychol Rev 21, 133–147 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-011-9162-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-011-9162-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation