Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Loneliness, Stress, and Social Support in Young Adulthood: Does the Source of Support Matter?

  • Empirical Research
  • Published:
Journal of Youth and Adolescence Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Social support protects individuals against adversity throughout the lifespan, and is especially salient during times of intense social change, such as during the transition to adulthood. Focusing on three relationship-specific sources of social support (family, friends, and romantic partners), the current study examined the stress-buffering function of social support against loneliness and whether the association between social support and loneliness with stress held constant would vary by its source. The role of gender in these associations was also considered. The sample consisted of 636 ethnically diverse college youth (age range 18–25; 80 % female). The results suggest that the stress-buffering role of social support against loneliness varies by its source. Only support from friends buffered the association between stress and loneliness. Further, when stress was held constant, the association between social support and loneliness differed by the sources, in that support from friends or romantic partners (but not from family) was negatively associated with loneliness. Regarding gender differences, the adverse impact of lower levels of familial or friends’ support on loneliness was greater in females than in males. This research advances our understanding of social support among college-aged youth; implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aanes, M. M., Mittelmark, M. B., & Hetland, J. (2009). The experience of loneliness: Main and interactive effects of interpersonal stress, social support and positive affect. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 11, 25–33. doi:10.1080/14623730.2009.9721797.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abe, J., Talbot, D. M., & Geelhoed, R. J. (1998). Effects of a peer program on international student adjustment. Journal of College Student Development, 39, 539–547.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adamczyk, K. (2015). An investigation of loneliness and perceived social support among single and partnered young adults. Current Psychology,. doi:10.1007/s12144-015-9337-7.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. J. (2015a). Socialization in emerging adulthood: From the family to the wilder world, from socialization to self-socialization. In J. E. Grusec & P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 85–108). New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. J. (2015b). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teems through the twenties (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press Inc.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Auerbach, R. P., Bigda-Peyton, J. S., Eberhart, N. K., Webb, C. A., & Ho, M. H. R. (2011). Conceptualizing the prospective relationship between social support, stress, and depressive symptoms among adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 475–487. doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9479-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Azmitia, M., Syed, M., & Radmacher, K. (2013). Finding your niche: Identity and emotional support in emerging adults’ adjustment to the transition to college. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23, 744–761. doi:10.1111/jora.12037.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bancila, D., Mittelmark, M. B., & Hetland, J. (2006). The association of interpersonal stress with psychological distress in Romania. European Psychologist, 11, 39–49. doi:10.1027/1016-9040.11.1.39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, A. J., & Martin, P. (2007). The indirect influence of educational attainment on loneliness among unmarried older adults. Educational Gerontology, 33, 897–917. doi:10.1080/03601270701569275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowker, A., & Ramsay, K. (2011). Friendship characteristics. In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of adolescence (pp. 1080–1086). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Brock, T. (2010). Young adults and higher education: Barriers and breakthroughs to success. The Future of Children, 20, 109–132. doi:10.1353/foc.0.0040.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buhrmester, D. (1996). Need fulfillment, interpersonal competence, and the developmental contexts of early adolescent friendship. In W. Bukowski, A. Newcomb, & W. Hartup (Eds.), The company they keep: Friendship in childhood and adolescence (pp. 158–185). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Walte, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2006). Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and Aging, 21, 140–151. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. M. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The social psychology of health (pp. 31–67). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310–357. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, W. A., & van Dulmen, M. (2006). Friendships and romance in emerging adulthood: Assessing distinctiveness in close relationships. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 219–234). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Crockett, L. J., Iturbide, M. I., Torres Stone, R. A., McGinley, M., Raffaelli, M., & Carlo, G. (2007). Acculturative stress, social support, and coping: Relations to psychological adjustment among Mexican American college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13, 347–355. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.13.4.347.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Goede, I., Branje, S., & Meeus, W. (2009). Developmental changes in adolescents’ perceptions of relationships with their parents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 75–88. doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9286-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., Rickels, K., Uhlenluth, E. H., & Covi, L. (1974). The Hopskins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A self-report symptom inventory. Behavioral Science, 19, 1–15. doi:10.1002/bs.3830190102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1994). Mothers’ reactions to children’s negative emotions: Relations to children’s temperament and anger behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 138–156. doi:10.1002/dev.20608.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elder, G. H. (1998). The life course as developmental theory. Child Development, 69, 1–12. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06128.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ensel, W. M., & Lin, N. (1991). The life stress paradigm and psychological distress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 32, 321–341. doi:10.2307/2137101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eshbaugh, E. M. (2010). Friend and family support as moderators of the effects of low romantic partner support on loneliness among college women. Individual Differences Research, 8, 8–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finch, B. K., & Vega, W. A. (2003). Acculturation stress, social support, and self-rated health among Latinos in California. Journal of Immigrant Health, 5, 109–117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 115–134. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frey, C. U., & Rothlisberger, C. (1996). Social support in healthy adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25, 17–31. doi:10.1007/bf01537378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, S. E., & Tisak, M. S. (2004). Adolescents’ outcome expectancies about relational aggression within acquaintanceships, friendships, and dating relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 283–302. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.11.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, R., Vitak, J., Easton, E. W., & Ellison, N. B. (2013). Examining social adjustment to college in the age of social media: Factors influencing successful transitions and persistence. Computers & Education, 67, 193–207. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2013.02.021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J. A. (2011). Sex differences in friendship expectations: A meta-analysis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28, 723–747. doi:10.1177/0265407510386192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halperin, S. (2001). The forgotten half revisited: American youth and young families, 1988–2008. Washington, DC: American Youth Policy Forum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkley, L. C., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Masi, C. M., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2008). From social structural factors to perceptions of relationship quality and loneliness: The Chicago health, aging, and social relations study. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 63B, S375–S384. doi:10.1093/geronb/63.6.s375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hays, R. D., & DiMatteo, R. (1987). A short-form measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 51, 69–81. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5101_6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10, 227–237. doi:10.1177/1745691614568352.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ilhan, T. (2012). Loneliness among university students: Predictive power of sex roles and attachment styles on loneliness. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 12, 2387–2396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, W. H., & Moore, T. L. (1990). Loneliness and social support. In M. Hojat & R. Crandall (Eds.), Loneliness: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 145–156). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, L. J., & Abrams, R. F. (1999). Adolescent loneliness and adjustment: A focus on gender differences. In K. J. Rotenberg & S. Hymel (Eds.), Loneliness in childhood and adolescence (pp. 296–322). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kuwert, P., Knaevelsrud, C., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2014). Loneliness among older veterans in the United States: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22, 564–569.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwag, K. H., Martin, P., Russell, D., Franke, W., & Kohut, M. (2011). The impact of perceived stress, social support, and home-based physical activity on mental health among older adults. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 72, 137–154. doi:10.2190/ag.72.2.c.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lakey, B., & Cohen, S. (2000). Social support theory and measurement. In S. Cohen, L. G. Underwood, & B. H. Gottlieb (Eds.), Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 29–52). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Larose, S., Guay, F., & Boivin, M. (2002). Attachment, social support, and loneliness in young adulthood: A test of two models. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 684–693. doi:10.1177/0146167202288012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lasgaard, M., Goossens, L., & Elklit, A. (2011). Loneliness, depressive symptomatology, and suicide ideation in adolescence: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 137–150. doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9442-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C.-Y. S., Dik, B. J., & Barbara, L. A. (2015). Intergenerational solidarity and individual adjustment during emerging adulthood. Journal of Family Issues,. doi:10.1177/0192513x14567957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levesque, R. J. R. (2011a). Loneliness. In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of adolescence (pp. 1624–1626). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Levesque, R. J. R. (2011b). Loners. In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of adolescence (pp. 1626–1629). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mahon, N. E., Yarcheski, A., Yarcheski, T. J., Cannella, B. L., & Hanks, M. M. (2006). A meta-analytic study of predictors for loneliness during adolescence. Nursing Research, 55, 308–315. doi:10.1097/00006199-200609000-00003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markiewicz, D., & Doyle, A. B. (2011). Best friends. In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of adolescence (pp. 254–260). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mattanah, J. F., Ayers, J. F., Brand, B. L., Brooks, L. J., Quimby, J. L., & Scott, M. W. (2010). A social support intervention to ease the college transition: Exploring main effects and moderators. Journal of College Student Development, 51, 93–108. doi:10.1353/csd.0.0116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McWhirter, B. T. (1997). Loneliness, learned resourcefulness, and self-esteem in college students. Journal of Counseling & Development, 75, 460–469. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1997.tb02362.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meadows, S. O., Brown, J. S., & Elder, G. H. (2006). Depressive symptoms, stress, and support: Gendered trajectories from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 93–103. doi:10.1007/s10964-005-9021-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mounts, N. S. (2004). Contributions of parenting and campus climate to freshmen adjustment in a multiethnic sample. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19, 468–491. doi:10.1177/0743558403258862.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mounts, N. S., Valentiner, D. P., Anderson, K. L., & Boswell, M. K. (2006). Shyness, sociability, and parental support for the college transition: Relation to adolescents’ adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 71–80. doi:10.1007/s10964-005-9002-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Needham, B. L. (2008). Reciprocal relationships between symptoms of depression and parental support during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 893–905. doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9181-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicpon, M. F., Huser, L., Blanks, E. H., Sollenberger, S., Befort, C., & Robinson Kurpius, S. E. (2006–2007). The relationship between loneliness and social support with college freshmen’s academic performance and persistence. Journal of College Student Retention, 8, 345–358. doi:10.2190/a465-356m-7652-783r

  • Ozdemir, U., & Tuncay, T. (2008). Correlates of loneliness among university students. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 2, 29–34. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-2-29.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paquette, J. A., & Underwood, M. K. (1999). Gender differences in young adolescents’ experiences of peer victimization: Social and physical aggression. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 45, 242–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, A. C., & Veenstra, G. (2010). Loneliness and risk of mortality: A longitudinal investigation in Alameda County, California. Social Science and Medicine, 71, 181–186. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.024.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 1–18). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, G. R., Sarason, I. G., & Sarason, B. R. (1991). General and relationship-based perceptions of social support: Are two constructs better than one? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 1028–1039. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.6.1028.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prezza, M., Pacilli, M. G., & Dinelli, S. (2004). Loneliness and new technologies in a group of Roman adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 20, 691–709.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R., van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, M., et al. (2015). Loneliness across the life span. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10, 250–264. doi:10.1177/1745691615568999.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rafaelli, M., Andrade, F. C. D., Wiley, A. R., Sanchez-Armass, O., Edwards, L. L., & Aradillas-Garcia, C. (2012). Stress, social support, and depression: A test of the stress-buffering hypothesis in a Mexican sample. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23, 283–289. doi:10.1111/jora.12006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rafaelli, M., & Duckett, E. (1989). “We were just talking…”: Conversations in early adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 18, 567–582. doi:10.1007/bf02139074.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roux, A. L. (2009). The relationship between adolescents’ attitudes toward their fathers and loneliness: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18, 219–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schinka, K. C., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Mata, A. D., Bossarte, R., & Swahn, M. (2013). Psychosocial predictors and outcomes of loneliness trajectories from childhood to early adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 1251–1260. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scholte, R. H. J., van Lieshout, C. F. M., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2001). Perceived relational support in adolescence: Dimensions, configurations, and adolescent adjustment. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 71–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segrin, C. (2003). Age moderates the relationships between social support and psychosocial problems. Human Communication Research, 29, 317–342. doi:10.1093/hcr/29.3.317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segrin, C., & Passalacqua, S. A. (2010). Functions of loneliness, social support, health behaviors, and stress in association with poor health. Health Communication, 25, 312–322. doi:10.1080/10410231003773334.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheets, R. L., & Mohr, J. J. (2009). Perceived social support from friends and family and psychosocial functioning in bisexual young adult college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 152–163. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.56.1.152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shipman, K. L., Zeman, J., Nesin, A. E., & Fitzgerald, M. (2003). Children’s strategies for displaying anger and sadness: What works with whom? Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 49, 100–122. doi:10.1353/mpq.2003.0006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shulman, S., & Scharf, M. (2000). Adolescent romantic behaviors and perceptions: Age- and gender-related differences, and links with family and peer relationships. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 10, 99–118. doi:10.1207/sjra1001_5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sifers, S. K. (2011). Social support. In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of adolescence (pp. 2810–2815). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. A., & Khawaja, N. G. (2014). A group psychological intervention to enhance the coping and acculturation of international students. Advances in Mental Health, 12, 110–124. doi:10.1080/18374905.2014.11081889.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoliker, B. E., & Lafreniere, K. D. (2015). The influence of perceived stress, loneliness, and learning burnout on university students’ educational experience. College Student Journal, 49, 146–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subrahmanyam, K., & Lin, G. (2007). Adolescents on the net: Internet use and well-being. Adolescence, 42, 659–677.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanner, J. L. (2011). Emerging adulthood. In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of adolescence (pp. 818–825). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Thoits, P. A. (2011). Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52, 145–161. doi:10.1177/0022146510395592.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, R. A., Flood, M. F., & Goodvin, R. (2006). Social support and developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology (2nd ed., Vol. 3, Risk, disorder, and adaptation, pp. 1–37). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

  • Uchino, B. N. (2004). Social support and physical health: Understanding the health consequences of relationships. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Uchino, B. N. (2009). Understanding the links between social support and physical health: A life-span perspective with emphasis on the separability of perceived and received support. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 236–255. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01122.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Umberson, D., Crosnoe, R., & Reczek, C. (2010). Social relationships and health behavior across the life course. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 139–157. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-120011.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, C. A., Foshee, V. A., & Ennett, S. T. (2010). Protective effects of maternal and peer support on depressive symptoms during adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 261–272.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weckwerth, A. C., & Flynn, D. M. (2006). Effect of sex on perceived support and burnout in university students. College Student Journal, 40, 237–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weir, R. M., & Okun, M. A. (1989). Social support, positive college events, and college satisfaction: Evidence for boosting effects. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, 758–771. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb01257.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheaton, B. (1985). Models for the stress-buffering functions of coping resources. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 26, 352–364. doi:10.2307/2136658.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wheaton, B., & Clark, P. (2003). Space meets time: Integrating temporal and contextual influences on mental health in early adulthood. American Sociological Review, 68, 680–706. doi:10.2307/1519758.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, B., Gao, Q., Fokkema, M., Alterman, V., & Liu, Q. (2015). Adolescent interpersonal relationships, social support and loneliness in high schools: Mediation effect and gender differences. Social Science Research, 53, 104–117. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.05.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30–41. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Jose Miguel Rodas for help with data collection.

Author Contributions

C.Y.S.L. conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination, performed the measurement and statistical analysis, interpreted the data, and drafted the manuscript; S.G. participated in the design, performed the measurement, interpreted the data, and helped to draft the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Family and Child Studies, Montclair State University, 4180 University Hall, 1 Normal Avenue, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA

    Chih-Yuan Steven Lee

  2. Department of Family and Child Studies, Montclair State University, 4032 University Hall, 1 Normal Avenue, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA

    Sara E. Goldstein

Authors
  1. Chih-Yuan Steven Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sara E. Goldstein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chih-Yuan Steven Lee.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors report no conflict of interests.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lee, CY.S., Goldstein, S.E. Loneliness, Stress, and Social Support in Young Adulthood: Does the Source of Support Matter?. J Youth Adolescence 45, 568–580 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0395-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0395-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation