Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Biopsy techniques and yields in diagnosing primary intraocular lymphoma

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Ophthalmology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A review of current biopsy techniques that are used in obtaining specimens from which to make a diagnosis of primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) is presented. Methods for obtaining and subsequently testing vitrectomy specimens are discussed. In addition, the yields of external and internal approaches for obtaining chorioretinal tissue, and diagnostic vitrectomies, are reviewed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

CSF:

cerebrospinal fluid

PCNSL:

primary central nervous system lymphoma

PIOL:

primary intraocular lymphoma

PCR:

polymerase chain reaction amplification.

RPE:

retinal pigment epithelium

References

  1. Chan CC, Buggage RR, Nussenblatt RB (2002) Intraocular lymphoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 13(6):411–418

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Chan CC, Wallace DJ (2004) Intraocular lymphoma: update on diagnosis and management. Cancer Control 11(5):285–295

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Char DH, Ljung BM, Miller T, Phillips T (1988) Primary intraocular lymphoma (ocular reticulum cell sarcoma) diagnosis and management. Ophthalmology 95:625–630

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Coupland SE, Heimann H, Bechrakis NE (2004) Primary intraocular lymphoma: a review of the clinical, histopathological and molecular biological features. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 242(11):901–913

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Hormigo A, Abrey L, Heinemann MH, DeAngelis LM (2004) Ocular presentation of primary central nervous system lymphoma: diagnosis and treatment. Br J Haematol 126(2):202–208

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. de Smet MD, Nussenblatt RB, Davis JL, Palestine AG (1990) Large cell lymphoma masquerading as a viral retinitis. Int Ophthalmol 14(5–6):413–417

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Rockwood eJ, Zakov ZN, Bay JW (1984) Combined malignant lymphoma of the eye and CNS (reticulum-cell sarcoma). J Neurosurg 61:369–374

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Char DH, Margolis L, Newman AB (1981) Ocular reticulum cell sarcoma. Am J Ophthalmol 91(4):480–483

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Baehring JM, Androudi S, Longtine JJ et al (2005) Analysis of clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangements in ocular lymphoma. Cancer 104(3):591–597

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Machemer R (1974) Advances in vitrectomy through the pars-plana (author’s transl). Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 164(4):572–579

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Machemer R (1973) Subtotal vitrectomy through the pars plana. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 77(2):OP198–OP201

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Machemer R, Buettner H, Norton EW, Parel JM (1971) Vitrectomy: a pars plana approach. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 75(4):813–820

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Machemer R, Buettner H, Parel JM (1972) Vitrectomy, a pars plana approach. Instrumentation. Mod Probl Ophthalmol 10:172–177

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Machemer R, Norton EW (1972) Vitrectomy, a pars plana approach. II. Clinical experience. Mod Probl Ophthalmol 10:178–185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Machemer R, Parel JM, Norton EW (1972) Vitrectomy: a pars plana approach. Technical improvements and further results. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 76(2):462–466

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Currey TA, Deutsch AR (1965) Reticulum cell sarcoma of the uvea. South Med J 58:919

    Google Scholar 

  17. Vogel MH, Font RL, Zimmerman LE, Levine RA (1968) Reticulum cell sarcoma of the retina and uvea. Report of six cases and review of the literature. Am J Ophthalmol 66(2):205–215

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Nevins RC Jr, Frey WW, Elliott JH (1968) Primary, solitary, intraocular reticulum cell sarcoma (microgliomatosis). (A clinicopathologic case report). Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 72(6):867–876

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Klingele TG, Hogan MJ (1975) Ocular reticulum cell sarcoma. Am J Ophthalmol 179(1):39–47

    Google Scholar 

  20. Michels RG, Knox DL, Erozan YS, Green WR (1975) Intraocular reticulum cell sarcoma. Diagnosis by pars plana vitrectomy. Arch Ophthalmol 93(12):1331–1335

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Parver LM, Font RL (1979) Malignant lymphoma of the retina and brain. Initial diagnosis by cytologic examination of vitreous aspirate. Arch Ophthalmol 97(8):1505–1507

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Whitcup SM, de Smet MD, Rubin BI et al (1993) Intraocular lymphoma. Clinical and histopathologic diagnosis. Ophthalmology 100:1399–1406

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Tuaillon N, Chan CC (2001) Molecular analysis of primary central nervous system and primary intraocular lymphoma. Curr Mol Med 1(2):259–272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Shen DF, Zhuang Z, LeHoang P et al (1998) Utility of microdissection and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and translocation in primary intraocular lymphoma. Ophthalmology 105(9):1664–1669

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Chan CC (2003) Molecular pathology of primary intraocular lymphoma. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 101:275–292

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Wolf LA, Reed GF, Buggage RR et al (2003) Vitreous cytokine levels. Ophthalmology 110(8):1671–1672

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cassoux N, Giron A, Bodaghi B et al (2007) IL-10 measurement in aqueous humor for screening patients with suspicion of primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (in press)

  28. Whitcup SM, Chan CC, Buggage RR et al (2000) Improving the diagnostic yield of vitrectomy for intraocular lymphoma. Arch Ophthalmol 118(3):446

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Chan CC, Shen D, Nussenblatt RB et al (1998) Detection of molecular changes in primary intraocular lymphoma by microdissection and polymerase chain reaction. Diagn Mol Pathol 7(1):63–64

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Chan CC, Shen DF, Whitcup SM et al (1999) Detection of human herpesvirus-8 and Epstein-Barr virus DNA in primary intraocular lymphoma. Blood 93(8):2749–2751

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Shen DF, Herbort CP, Tuaillon N et al (2001) Detection of toxoplasma gondii DNA in primary intraocular B-cell lymphoma. Mod Pathol 14(10):995–999

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Blumenkranz MS, Ward T, Murphy S et al (1992) Applications and limitations of vitreoretinal biopsy techniques in intraocular large cell lymphoma. Retina 12(3):S64–S70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Davis JL, Miller DM, Ruiz P (2005) Diagnostic testing of vitrectomy specimens. Am J Ophthalmol 140(5):822–829

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Palexas GN (1995) Diagnostic pars plana vitrectomy report of a 21-year retrospective study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 93:281–308

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Char DH, Ljung BM, Deschenes J, Miller TR (1988) Intraocular lymphoma: immunological and cytological analysis. Br J Ophthalmol 72(12):905–911

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Zaldivar RA, Martin DF, Holden JT, Grossniklaus HE (2004) Primary intraocular lymphoma: clinical, cytologic, and flow cytometric analysis. Ophthalmology 111(9):1762–1767

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Blay JY, Burdin N, Rousset F et al (1993) Serum interleukin-10 in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a prognostic factor. Blood 82(7):2169–2174

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Murray PI, Hoekzema R, van Haren MA et al (1990) Aqueous humor interleukin-6 levels in uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31(5):917–920

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Bogdan C, Vodovotz Y, Nathan C (1991) Macrophage deactivation by interleukin 10. J Exp Med 174(6):1549–1555

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. D’Andrea A, Aste-Amezaga M, Valiante NM et al (1993) Interleukin 10 (IL-10) inhibits human lymphocyte interferon gamma-production by suppressing natural killer cell stimulatory factor/IL-12 synthesis in accessory cells. J Exp Med 178(3):1041–1048

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. de Waal Malefyt R, Haanen J, Spits H et al (1991) Interleukin 10 (IL-10) and viral IL-10 strongly reduce antigen-specific human T cell proliferation by diminishing the antigen-presenting capacity of monocytes via downregulation of class II major histocompatibility complex expression. J Exp Med 174(4):915–924

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Horn F, Henze C, Heidrich K (2000) Interleukin-6 signal transduction and lymphocyte function. Immunobiology 202(2):151–167

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Hodge DR, Hurt EM, Farrar WL (2005) The role of IL-6 and STAT3 in inflammation and cancer. Eur J Cancer 41(16):2502–2512

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Chan CC, Whitcup SM, Solomon D, Nussenblatt RB (1995) Interleukin-10 in the vitreous of primary intraocular lymphoma. Am J Ophthalmol 120(5):671–673

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Whitcup SM, Stark-Vancs V, Wittes RE et al (1997) Association of interleukin-10 in the vitreous and cerebral spinal fluid and primary central nervous system lymphoma. Arch Ophthalmol 115:1157–1160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Merle-Beral H, Davi F, Cassoux N et al (2004) Biological diagnosis of primary intraocular lymphoma. Br J Haematol 124(4):469–473

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Yokota M, Takase H, Imai Y et al (2003) A case of intraocular malignant lymphoma diagnosed by immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and translocation, and IL-10/IL-6 ratio in the vitreous fluid. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 107(5):287–291

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Velez G, de Smet MD, Whitcup SM et al (2000) Iris involvement in primary intraocular lymphoma: report of two cases and review of the literature. Surv Ophthalmol 44(6):518–526

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Coupland SE, Hummel M, Muller HH, Stein H (2005) Molecular analysis of immunoglobulin genes in primary intraocular lymphoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46(10):3507–3514

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Wallace DJ, Shen DF, Reed GF et al (2006) Detection of the bcl-2 t(14;18) translocation and proto-oncogene expression in primary intraocular lymphoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47(7):2750–2756

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Coupland SE, Anastassiou G, Bornfeld N et al (2005) Primary intraocular lymphoma of T-cell type: report of a case and review of the literature. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 243(3):189–197

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Peyman GA, Dodich NA (1972) Full-thickness eye wall resection: an experimental approach for treatment of choroidal melanoma. I. Dacron-graft. Invest Ophthalmol 11(2):115–121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Peyman GA, Homer P, Kasbeer R, Vlchek J (1975) Full-thickness eye wall biopsy. II. In primates. Invest Ophthalmol 14(7):565–567

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Peyman GA, Meisels HI, Batko KA, Vlchek JK (1975) Full-thickness eye wall biopsy. I. An experimental approach to the tissue diagnosis and study of choroidal and retinal lesions. Invest Ophthalmol 14(6):484–487

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Peyman GA, Juarez CP, Raichand M (1981) Full-thickness eye-wall biopsy: long-term results in 9 patients. Br J Ophthalmol 65(10):723–726

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Nussenblatt RB, Davis JL, Palestine AG (1992) Chorioretinal biopsy for diagnostic purposes in cases of intraocular inflammatory disease. Dev Ophthalmol 23:133–138

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Chan CC (2003) Primary intraocular lymphoma: clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Lymphoma 4(1):30–31

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Johnston RL, Tufail A, Lightman S et al (2004) Retinal and choroidal biopsies are helpful in unclear uveitis of suspected infectious or malignant origin. Ophthalmology 111(3):522–528

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Martin DF, Chan CC, de Smet MD et al (1993) The role of chorioretinal biopsy in the management of posterior uveitis. Ophthalmology 100(5):705–714

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Ridley ME, McDonald HR, Sternberg P Jr et al (1992) Retinal manifestations of ocular lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcoma). Ophthalmology 99(7):1153–1160 discussion 1160–1161

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Cassoux N, Charlotte F, Rao NA et al (2005) Endoretinal biopsy in establishing the diagnosis of uveitis: a clinicopathologic report of three cases. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 13(1):79–83

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Nussenblatt RB, Whitcup SM (2004) Uveitis: Fundamental and Clinical Practice, 3rd edn. Mosby

  63. Liang X, Shen D, Huang Y et al (2007) Molecular pathology and CXCR4 expression in surgically excised retinal. Ophthalmology 114(1):147–156

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Chan CC, Gonzales JA (2007) Primary Intraocular Lymphoma: World Scientific, Singapore, London, Hackensack NJ (in press)

Download references

Acknowledgement

Support: The NEI intramural research program

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chi-Chao Chan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gonzales, J.A., Chan, CC. Biopsy techniques and yields in diagnosing primary intraocular lymphoma. Int Ophthalmol 27, 241–250 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-007-9065-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-007-9065-6

Keywords

Navigation