Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Labor Migration and HIV Risk: A Systematic Review of the Literature

  • Substantive Review
  • Published:
AIDS and Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To inform the development of multilevel strategies for addressing HIV risk among labor migrants, 97 articles from the health and social science literatures were systematically reviewed. The study locations were Africa (23 %), the Americas (26 %), Europe (7 %), South East Asia (21 %), and Western Pacific (24 %). Among the studies meeting inclusion criteria, HIV risk was associated with multilevel determinants at the levels of policy, sociocultural context, health and mental health, and sexual practices. The policy determinants most often associated with HIV risk were: prolonged and/or frequent absence, financial status, and difficult working and housing conditions. The sociocultural context determinants most often associated with HIV risk were: cultural norms, family separation, and low social support. The health and mental health factors most often associated with HIV risk were: substance use, other STIs, mental health problems, no HIV testing, and needle use. The sexual practices most often associated with increased HIV risk were: limited condom use, multiple partnering, clients of sex workers, low HIV knowledge, and low perceived HIV risk. Magnitude of effects through multivariate statistics were demonstrated more for health and mental health and sexual practices, than for policy or sociocultural context. The consistency of these findings across multiple diverse global labor migration sites underlines the need for multilevel intervention strategies. However, to better inform the development, implementation, and evaluation of multilevel interventions, additional research is needed that overcomes prior methodological limitations and focuses on building new contextually tailored interventions and policies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic: UNAIDS; 2010.

  2. HIV and International Labour Migration: UNAIDS Policy Brief. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2008.

  3. International Migrant Stock: the 2008 Revision. United Nations; 2009 [cited 2011 Feb 4]. Available from: http://esa.un.org/migration.

  4. World Bank’s migration and development brief 12 (April 23, 2010): outlook for remittance flows 2010–2011.

  5. Anderson AF, Qingsi Z, Hua X, Jianfeng B. China’s floating population and the potential for HIV transmission: a social-behavioural perspective. AIDS Care. 2003;15(2):177–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Parker RG. Empowerment, community mobilization and social change in the face of HIV/AIDS. AIDS. 1996;10(Suppl 3):S27–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Waldo CR, Coates TJ. Multiple levels of analysis and intervention in HIV prevention science: exemplars and directions for new research. AIDS. 2000;14(Suppl 2):S18–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Decosas J, Kane F, Anarfi JK, Sodji KD, Wagner HU. Migration and AIDS. Lancet. 1995;346(8978):826–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Wolffers I, Fernandez I. Migration and AIDS. Lancet. 1995;346(8985):1303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. UNAIDS. Population mobility and AIDS: UNAIDS technical update. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Organista KC, Carrillo H, Ayala G. HIV prevention with Mexican migrants: review, critique, and recommendations. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;37(Suppl 4):S227–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Thomas F, Haour-Knipe M, Aggleton P. Mobility, sexuality and AIDS. Abington: Routledge; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Herdt G. Sexual cultures and migration in the era of AIDS: anthropological and demographic perspectives (International Studies in Demography). Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Hirsch J, Wardlow H, Smith DJ, Phinney H. The secret: love, marriage, and HIV. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Chen X, Stanton B, Li X, Fang X, Lin D, Xiong Q. A comparison of health-risk behaviors of rural migrants with rural residents and urban residents in China. Am J Health Behav. 2009;33(1):15–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Mullany LC, Maung C, Beyrer C. HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and practices among Burmese migrant factory workers in Tak Province, Thailand. AIDS Care. 2003;15(1):63–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Organista PB, Organista KC, Soloff PR. Exploring AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of female Mexican migrant workers. Health Soc Work. 1998;23(2):96–103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Martinez-Donate AP, Rangel MG, Hovell MF, Santibanez J, Sipan CL, Izazola JA. HIV infection in mobile populations: the case of Mexican migrants to the United States. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2005;17(1):26–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Lagarde E, Schim van der Loeff M, Enel C, Holmgren B, Dray-Spira R, Pison G, et al. Mobility and the spread of human immunodeficiency virus into rural areas of West Africa. Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32(5):744–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Gibney L, Saquib N, Metzger J. Behavioral risk factors for STD/HIV transmission in Bangladesh’s trucking industry. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56(7):1411–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Chirwa WC. Migrant labour, sexual networking and multi-partnered sex in Malawi. Health Transit Rev. 1997;7(Suppl 3):5–16.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Apostolopoulos Y, Sonmez S, Kronenfeld J, Castillo E, McLendon L, Smith D. STI/HIV risks for Mexican migrant laborers: exploratory ethnographies. J Immigr Minor Health. 2006;8(3):291–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Hope KR. Population mobility and multi-partner sex in Botswana: implications for the spread of HIV/AIDS. Afr J Reprod Health. 2001;5(3):73–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Munoz-Laboy M, Hirsch JS, Quispe-Lazaro A. Loneliness as a sexual risk factor for male Mexican migrant workers. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(5):802–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Saggurti N, Schensul SL, Verma RK. Migration, mobility and sexual risk behavior in Mumbai, India: mobile men with non-residential wife show increased risk. AIDS Behav. 2009;13(5):921–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Yang X, Xia G. Gender, migration, risky sex, and HIV infection in China. Stud Fam Plan. 2006;37(4):241–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Kendall T, Pelcastre BE. HIV vulnerability and condom use among migrant women factory workers in Puebla, Mexico. Health Care Women Int. 2010;31(6):515–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Macheke C, Campbell C. Perceptions of HIV/AIDS on a Johannesburg gold mine. S Afr J Psychol. 1998;28(3):146–53.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Amirkhanian YA, Kuznetsova AV, Kelly JA, Difranceisco WJ, Musatov VB, Avsukevich NA, et al. Male labor migrants in Russia: HIV risk behavior levels, contextual factors, and prevention needs. J Immigr Minor Health. 2011;13(5):919–28.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Organista KC, Balls Organista P, Garcia de Alba JE, Castillo Moran MA, Ureta Carrillo LE. Survey of condom-related beliefs, behaviors, and perceived social norms in Mexican migrant laborers. J Community Health. 1997;22(3):185–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Parrado EA, Flippen C. Community attachment, neighborhood context, and sex worker use among Hispanic migrants in Durham, North Carolina, USA. Soc Sci Med. 2010;70(7):1059–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kissinger P, Liddon N, Schmidt N, Curtin E, Salinas O, Narvaez A. HIV/STI risk behaviors among Latino migrant workers in New Orleans post-Hurricane Katrina disaster. Sex Transm Dis. 2008;35(11):924–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kis AD. ABC for AIDS prevention in Guinea: migrant gold mining communities address their risks. AIDS Care. 2010;22(4):520–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. WHO. HIV/AIDS in South East Asia region—situation update. Geneva: WHO; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  35. WHO AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Diseases Regional profile [Jan 8, 2010]. Available from: http://www.emro.who.int/asd/hivsituation_regionalprofile.htm.

  36. Coffee MP, Garnett GP, Mlilo M, Voeten HA, Chandiwana S, Gregson S. Patterns of movement and risk of HIV infection in rural Zimbabwe. J Infect Dis. 2005;191(Suppl 1):S159–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Hirsch JS, Higgins J, Bentley ME, Nathanson CA. The social constructions of sexuality: marital infidelity and sexually transmitted disease-HIV risk in a Mexican migrant community. Am J Public Health. 2002;92(8):1227–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Lurie MN, Williams BG, Zuma K, Mkaya-Mwamburi D, Garnett G, Sturm AW, et al. The impact of migration on HIV-1 transmission in South Africa: a study of migrant and nonmigrant men and their partners. Sex Transm Dis. 2003;30(2):149–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Qin QR, Ji GP, Xu J, Jiang QC, Hong H, Chu XY, et al. Risk of sexual HIV transmission among wives left behind and wives of nonmigrant men in rural areas of China. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2009;20(4):308–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Organista KC, Kubo A. Pilot survey of HIV risk and contextual problems and issues in Mexican/Latino migrant day laborers. J Immigr Health. 2005;7(4):269–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Brockerhoff M, Biddlecom A. Migration, sexual behavior and the risk of HIV in Kenya. Int Migr Rev. 1999;33(4):833–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Lydie N, Robinson NJ, Ferry B, Akam E, De Loenzien M, Abega S. Mobility, sexual behavior, and HIV infection in an urban population in Cameroon. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;35(1):67–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Booysen Fle R, Summerton J. Poverty, risky sexual behaviour, and vulnerability to HIV infection: evidence from South Africa. J Health Popul Nutr. 2002;20(4):285–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Krueger LE, Wood RW, Diehr PH, Maxwell CL. Poverty and HIV seropositivity: the poor are more likely to be infected. AIDS. 1990;4(8):811–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Li L, Morrow M, Kermode M. Vulnerable but feeling safe: HIV risk among male rural-to-urban migrant workers in Chengdu, China. AIDS Care. 2007;19(10):1288–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Campbell C. Migrancy, masculine identities and AIDS: the psychosocial context of HIV transmission on the South African gold mines. Soc Sci Med. 1997;45(2):273–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Weine S, Bahromov M, Mirzoev A. Unprotected Tajik male migrant workers in Moscow at risk for HIV/AIDS. J Immigr Minor Health. 2008;10(5):461–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Bandyopadhyay M, Thomas J. Women migrant workers’ vulnerability to HIV infection in Hong Kong. AIDS Care. 2002;14(4):509–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Organista KC, Organista PB, Garcia De Alba JE, Castillo Moran MA, Carrillo H. AIDS and condom-related knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors in Mexican migrant laborers. Hisp J Behav Sci. 1996;18(3):392–406.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Wardlow H. Men’s extramarital sexuality in rural Papua New Guinea. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(6):1006–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Saggurti N, Verma RK, Jain A, RamaRao S, Kumar KA, Subbiah A, et al. HIV risk behaviours among contracted and non-contracted male migrant workers in India: potential role of labour contractors and contractual systems in HIV prevention. AIDS. 2008;22(Suppl 5):S127–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Galvan FH, Ortiz DJ, Martinez V, Bing EG. Sexual solicitation of Latino male day laborers by other men. Salud Publica Mex. 2008;50(6):439–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Schachter J, Chow JM. The fallibility of diagnostic tests for sexually transmitted diseases: the impact of behavioral and epidemiologic studies. Sex Transm Dis. 1995;22(3):191–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Peterman TA, Lin LS, Newman DR, Kamb ML, Bolan G, Zenilman J, et al. Does measured behavior reflect STD risk? An analysis of data from a randomized controlled behavioral intervention study. Project RESPECT Study Group. Sex Transm Dis. 2000;27(8):446–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Pinkerton SD, Layde PM. Using sexually transmitted disease incidence as a surrogate marker for HIV incidence in prevention trials: a modeling study. Sex Transm Dis. 2002;29(5):298–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Entz AT, Ruffolo VP, Chinveschakitvanich V, Soskolne V, van Griensven GJ. HIV-1 prevalence, HIV-1 subtypes and risk factors among fishermen in the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea. AIDS. 2000;14(8):1027–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Poudel KC, Okumura J, Sherchand JB, Jimba M, Murakami I, Wakai S. Mumbai disease in far western Nepal: HIV infection and syphilis among male migrant-returnees and non-migrants. Trop Med Int Health. 2003;8(10):933–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Deren S, Kang SY, Mino M, Guarino H. Migrant drug users: predictors of HIV-related sexual and injection risk behaviors. J Immigr Minor Health. 2010;12(2):179–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed., text revision. Washington D.C.: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.

  60. Pandey A, Benara SK, Roy N, Sahu D, Thomas M, Joshi DK, et al. Risk behaviour, sexually transmitted infections and HIV among long-distance truck drivers: a cross-sectional survey along national highways in India. AIDS. 2008;22(Suppl 5):S81–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. He N, Wong FY, Huang ZJ, Ding Y, Fu C, Smith BD, et al. HIV risks among two types of male migrants in Shanghai, China: money boys vs. general male migrants. AIDS. 2007;21(Suppl 8):S73–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Sena AC, Hammer JP, Wilson K, Zeveloff A, Gamble J. Feasibility and acceptability of door-to-door rapid HIV testing among latino immigrants and their HIV risk factors in North Carolina. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2010;24(3):165–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Denner J, Organista KC, Dupree JD, Thrush G. Predictors of HIV transmission among migrant and marginally housed Latinos. AIDS Behav. 2005;9(2):201–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Mmbaga EJ, Leyna GH, Hussain A, Mnyika KS, Sam NE, Klepp KI. The role of in-migrants in the increasing rural HIV-1 epidemic: results from a village population survey in the Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania. Int J Infect Dis. 2008;12(5):519–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Ford K, Chamratrithirong A. Migrant seafarers and HIV risk in Thai communities. AIDS Educ Prev. 2008;20(5):454–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Poudel KC, Jimba M, Okumura J, Joshi AB, Wakai S. Migrants’ risky sexual behaviours in India and at home in far western Nepal. Trop Med Int Health. 2004;9(8):897–903.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. He N, Detels R, Chen Z, Jiang Q, Zhu J, Dai Y, et al. Sexual behavior among employed male rural migrants in Shanghai, China. AIDS Educ Prev. 2006;18(2):176–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Sassen S. The global city: New York, London and Tokyo. 2nd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Lin D, Li X, Yang H, Fang X, Stanton B, Chen X, et al. Alcohol intoxication and sexual risk behaviors among rural-to-urban migrants in China. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005;79(1):103–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Chapman J, Estcourt CS, Hua Z. Saving ‘face’ and ‘othering’: getting to the root of barriers to condom use among Chinese female sex workers. Sex Health. 2008;5(3):291–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Munyewende P, Rispel LC, Harris B, Chersich M. Exploring perceptions of HIV risk and health service access among Zimbabwean migrant women in Johannesburg: a gap in health policy in South Africa? J Public Health Policy. 2011;32(Suppl 1):S152–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Deering KN, Vickerman P, Moses S, Ramesh BM, Blanchard JF, Boily MC. The impact of out-migrants and out-migration on the HIV/AIDS epidemic: a case study from south-west India. AIDS. 2008;22(Suppl 5):S165–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Creswell JW, Plano Clark VL. Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publishers; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Trickett EJ, Beehler S, Deutsch C, Green LW, Hawe P, McLeroy K, et al. Advancing the science of community-level interventions. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(8):1410–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Magis-Rodriguez C, Lemp G, Hernandez MT, Sanchez MA, Estrada F, Bravo-Garcia E. Going North: Mexican migrants and their vulnerability to HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51(Suppl 1):S21–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Kissinger P, Kovacs S, Anderson-Smits C, Schmidt N, Salinas O, Hembling J, et al. Patterns and predictors of HIV/STI risk among Latino migrant men in a new receiving community. AIDS Behav. 2012;16(1):199–213.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Walsh F. Traumatic loss and major disasters: strengthening family and community resilience. Fam Process. 2007;46(2):207–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Freudenberg N. Community capacity for environmental health promotion: determinants and implications for practice. Health Educ Behav. 2004;31(4):472–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Navaza B, Guionnet A, Navarro M, Estevez L, Perez-Molina JA, Lopez-Velez R. Reluctance to do blood testing limits HIV diagnosis and appropriate health care of sub-Saharan African migrants living in Spain. AIDS Behav. 2012;16(1):30–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Anglewicz P. Migration, marital change, and HIV infection in Malawi. Demography. 2012;49(1):239–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Zoufaly A, An der Heiden M, Marcus U, Hoffmann C, Stellbrink H, Voss L, et al. Late presentation for HIV diagnosis and care in Germany. HIV Med. 2012;13(3):172–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Lurie M, Harrison A, Wilkinson D, Abdool Karim SS. Circular migration and sexual networking in rural KwaZulu/Natal: implications for the spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Health Transit Rev. 1997;7(Suppl 3):15–24.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Ondimu K. Labor migration and risky sexual behavior: tea plantation workers in Kericho District, Kenya. In: Thomas F, Haour-Knipe M, Aggleton P, editors. Mobility, sexuality and AIDS. Abingdon: Routledge; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Zuma K, Gouws E, Williams B, Lurie M. Risk factors for HIV infection among women in Carletonville, South Africa: migration, demography and sexually transmitted diseases. Int J STD AIDS. 2003;14(12):814–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Hanf M, Bousser V, Parriault MC, Van-Melle A, Nouvellet ML, Adriouch L, et al. Knowledge of free voluntary HIV testing centres and willingness to do a test among migrants in Cayenne, French Guiana. AIDS Care. 2011;23(4):476–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Lippman SA, Pulerwitz J, Chinaglia M, Hubbard A, Reingold A, Diaz J. Mobility and its liminal context: exploring sexual partnering among truck drivers crossing the Southern Brazilian border. Soc Sci Med. 2007;65(12):2464–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. El-Bassel N, Gilbert L, Terlikbayeva A, West B, Bearman P, Wu E, et al. Implications of mobility patterns and HIV risks for HIV prevention among migrant market vendors in Kazakhstan. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(6):1075–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Evans AR, Parutis V, Hart G, Mercer CH, Gerry C, Mole R, et al. The sexual attitudes and lifestyles of London’s Eastern Europeans (SALLEE Project): design and methods. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:399.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Kramer MA, van Veen MG, de Coul EL, Geskus RB, Coutinho RA, van de Laar MJ, et al. Migrants travelling to their country of origin: a bridge population for HIV transmission? Sex Transm Infect. 2008;84(7):554–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Stulhofer A, Brouillard P, Nikolic N, Greiner N. HIV/AIDS and Croatian migrant workers. Coll Antropol. 2006;30(Suppl 2):105–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Ford K, Chamrathrithirong A. Sexual partners and condom use of migrant workers in Thailand. AIDS Behav. 2007;11(6):905–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Mercer A, Khanam R, Gurley E, Azim T. Sexual risk behavior of married men and women in Bangladesh associated with husbands’ work migration and living apart. Sex Transm Dis. 2007;34(5):265–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Li X, Fang X, Lin D, Mao R, Wang J, Cottrell L, et al. HIV/STD risk behaviors and perceptions among rural-to-urban migrants in China. AIDS Educ Prev. 2004;16(6):538–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Bronfman MN, Leyva R, Negroni MJ, Rueda CM. Mobile populations and HIV/AIDS in Central America and Mexico: research for action. AIDS. 2002;16(Suppl 3):S42–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Vaidya NK, Wu J. HIV epidemic in Far-Western Nepal: effect of seasonal labor migration to India. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:310.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Li L, Morrow M, Kermode M. Rural-to-urban male migrant workers’ vulnerability to HIV infection in Chengdu, China: qualitative findings from a mixed-method study. Work. 2010;37(4):375–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Song Y, Li X, Zhang L, Fang X, Lin X, Liu Y, et al. HIV-testing behavior among young migrant men who have sex with men (MSM) in Beijing, China. AIDS Care. 2011;23(2):179–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Hesketh T, Ye XJ, Li L, Wang HM. Health status and access to health care of migrant workers in China. Public Health Rep. 2008;123(2):189–97.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Bond V, Dover P. Men, women and the trouble with condoms: problems associated with condom use by migrant workers in rural Zambia. Health Transit Rev. 1997;7(Supplement):377–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Mberu BU, White MJ. Internal migration and health: premarital sexual initiation in Nigeria. Soc Sci Med. 2011;72(8):1284–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Smith DJ. Modern marriage, men’s extramarital sex, and HIV risk in southeastern Nigeria. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(6):997–1005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Caballero-Hoyos R, Torres-Lopez T, Pineda-Lucatero A, Navarro-Nunez C, Fosados R, Valente TW. Between tradition and change: condom use with primary sexual partners among Mexican migrants. AIDS Behav. 2008;12(4):561–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Ford K, King G, Nerenberg L, Rojo C. Aids knowledge and risk behaviors among Midwest migrant farm workers. AIDS Educ Prev. 2001;13(6):551–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Hirsch JS, Meneses S, Thompson B, Negroni M, Pelcastre B, del Rio C. The inevitability of infidelity: sexual reputation, social geographies, and marital HIV risk in rural Mexico. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(6):986–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Stulhofer A. HIV related risks among Croatian migrant workers 2004–2006. AIDS Care. 2008;20(3):361–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Phinney HM. “Rice is essential but tiresome; you should get some noodles”: Doi Moi and the political economy of men’s extramarital sexual relations and marital HIV risk in Hanoi, Vietnam. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(4):650–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Puri M, Cleland J. Sexual behavior and perceived risk of HIV/AIDS among young migrant factory workers in Nepal. J Adolesc Health. 2006;38(3):237–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Sowell RL, Holtz CS, Velasquez G. HIV infection returning to Mexico with migrant workers: an exploratory study. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2008;19(4):267–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Yang X. Migration, detachment and HIV risk among rural-urban migrants in China. In: Thomas F, Haour-Knipe M, Appleton P, editors. Mobility, sexuality and AIDS. Abingdon: Routledge; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Yang X, Derlega VJ, Luo H. Migration, behaviour change and HIV/STD risks in China. AIDS Care. 2007;19(2):282–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Li S, Huang H, Cai Y, Ye X, Shen X, Shi R, et al. Evaluation of a school-based HIV/AIDS peer-led prevention programme: the first intervention trial for children of migrant workers in China. Int J STD AIDS. 2010;21(2):82–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Ehrlich SF, Organista KC, Oman D. Migrant Latino day laborers and intentions to test for HIV. AIDS Behav. 2007;11(5):743–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Burns FM, Evans AR, Mercer CH, Parutis V, Gerry CJ, Mole RC, et al. Sexual and HIV risk behaviour in central and eastern European migrants in London. Sex Transm Infect. 2011;87(4):318–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Meng X, Wang L, Chan S, Reilly KH, Peng Z, Guo W, et al. Estimation and projection of the HIV epidemic trend among the migrant population in China. Biomed Environ Sci. 2011;24(4):343–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Heffron R, Chao A, Mwinga A, Sinyangwe S, Sinyama A, Ginwalla R, et al. High prevalent and incident HIV-1 and herpes simplex virus 2 infection among male migrant and non-migrant sugar farm workers in Zambia. Sex Transm Infect. 2011;87(4):283–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Wang B, Li X, Stanton B, Fang X, Liang G, Liu H, et al. Gender differences in HIV-related perceptions, sexual risk behaviors, and history of sexually transmitted diseases among Chinese migrants visiting public sexually transmitted disease clinics. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2007;21(1):57–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. He N, Zhang J, Yao J, Tian X, Zhao G, Jiang Q, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of voluntary HIV counseling and testing among rural migrants in Shanghai, China. AIDS Educ Prev. 2009;21(6):570–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Jia Z, Wang L, Chen RY, Li D, Qin Q, Ding Z, et al. Tracking the evolution of HIV/AIDS in China from 1989–2009 to inform future prevention and control efforts. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(10):e25671.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Vissers DC, de Vlas SJ, Bakker R, Urassa M, Voeten HA, Habbema JD. The impact of mobility on HIV control: a modelling study. Epidemiol Infect. 2011;139(12):1845–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Fitzgerald K, Chakraborty J, Shah T, Khuder S, Duggan J. HIV/AIDS knowledge among female migrant farm workers in the midwest. J Immigr Health. 2003;5(1):29–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Deb AK, Deb M, Saha MK, Chakraborty S, Bhattacharya SK, Detels R. HIV transmission potential among local and migrant factory workers in Kolkata, India. AIDS Behav. 2009;13(5):928–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Saggurti N, Nair S, Malviya A, Decker MR, Silverman JG, Raj A. Male migration/mobility and HIV among married couples: cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative data from India. AIDS Behav. 2011 Aug 3 [Epub ahead of print].

  123. Hu Z, Liu H, Li X, Stanton B, Chen X. HIV-related sexual behaviour among migrants and non-migrants in a rural area of China: role of rural-to-urban migration. Public Health. 2006;120(4):339–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Yang X, Derlega V, Luo H. Temporary migration and HIV vulnerability in China: findings from a comparative research. Exchange on HIV/AIDS, sexuality and gender. 2005(1):25–7.

  125. Zuma K, Lurie MN, Williams BG, Mkaya-Mwamburi D, Garnett GP, Sturm AW. Risk factors of sexually transmitted infections among migrant and non-migrant sexual partnerships from rural South Africa. Epidemiol Infect. 2005;133(3):421–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Gupta I, Mitra A. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS among migrants in Delhi slums. J Health Popul Dev Ctries. 1999;2(1):26–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Islam MM, Conigrave KM, Miah MS, Kalam KA. HIV awareness of outgoing female migrant workers of Bangladesh: a pilot study. J Immigr Minor Health. 2010;12(6):940–6.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Hesketh T, Li L, Ye X, Wang H, Jiang M, Tomkins A. HIV and syphilis in migrant workers in eastern China. Sex Transm Infect. 2006;82(1):11–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Qu B, Guo HQ, Liu J, Zuo TM, Zhang Y, Sun G. The relationship between Chinese construction workers’ HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviour: a structural equation model. J Int Med Res. 2009;37(4):1202–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Yang H, Li X, Stanton B, Fang X, Lin D, Mao R, et al. Workplace and HIV-related sexual behaviours and perceptions among female migrant workers. AIDS Care. 2005;17(7):819–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Poudel KC, Jimba M, Okumura J, Sharma M, Poudel Tandukar K, Wakai S. Migration in far western Nepal: a time bomb for a future HIV/AIDS epidemic? Trop Doct. 2004;34(1):30–1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This paper was completed through the support of the U.S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K24 HD067095).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, 1601 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA

    Stevan M. Weine & Adrianna B. Kashuba

Authors
  1. Stevan M. Weine
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Adrianna B. Kashuba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Stevan M. Weine or Adrianna B. Kashuba.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Weine, S.M., Kashuba, A.B. Labor Migration and HIV Risk: A Systematic Review of the Literature. AIDS Behav 16, 1605–1621 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0183-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0183-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation