Summary characteristics of included studies
| Group | Study cohorts (k (%)) | Total sample (n) | Sample (m) | Sample range | Study aim k (%) | Study quality (M (IQR)) | k | Foot wound (%) | k | Foot infection (%) | k | Foot disease (%) | k | PAD (%) | k | PN (%) | k | Amp (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 84 (100%) | 60 231 517 | 717 042 | 59–57 639 000 | 15 (18%) | 5 (4–7) | 70 | 0.01–13.5 | 7 | 0.05–6.4 | 12 | 0.2–11.9 | 10 | 0.01–36.0 | 6 | 0.003–2.8 | 10 | 0.03–1.5 |
| Prospective | 66 (79%) | 643 141 | 9745 | 59–158 236 | 8 (12%) | 6 (5–7) | 63 | 0.3–13.5 | 4 | 0.09–6.4 | 3 | 1.1–8.3 | 3 | 0.2–36.0 | 1 | 2.80 | 3 | 0.2–1.5 |
| Retrospective | 18 (21%) | 59 588 376 | 3 310 465 | 167–57 639 000 | 7 (39%) | 3 (3–5) | 7 | 0.01–2.3 | 3 | 0.05–0.5 | 9 | 0.2–11.9 | 7 | 0.01–0.5 | 5 | 0.003–2.8 | 7 | 0.03–0.4 |
| All-cause | 8 (10%) | 58 122 891 | 7 265 361 | 291–57 639 000 | 4 (50%) | 5 (4.5–6) | 3 | 0.7–4.2 | 2 | 0.09–0.5 | 2 | 0.2–1.2 | 4 | 0.3–36.0 | 1 | 0.2 | 3 | 0.03–0.2 |
| Prospective | 4 (50%) | 2471 | 618 | 291–990 | 2 (50%) | 6 (4.5–7) | 2 | 1.6–4.2 | – | – | – | – | 2 | 29.6–36.0 | – | – | – | – |
| Retrospective | 4 (50%) | 58 120 420 | 14 530 105 | 46 126–57 639 000 | 2 (50%) | 5 (4.5–5) | 1 | 0.7 | 2 | 0.09–0.5 | 2 | 0.2–1.2 | 2 | 0.3–0.5 | 1 | 0.2 | 3 | 0.03–0.2 |
| Diabetes-related | 24 (29%) | 1 965 035 | 81 876 | 167–596 591 | 8 (33%) | 4 (3–5) | 15 | 0.01–7.0 | 5 | 0.05–6.4 | 10 | 0.2–11.9 | 6 | 0.01–0.4 | 5 | 0.003–2.8 | 7 | 0.04–1.5 |
| Prospective | 10 (42%) | 15 659 | 1566 | 372–5188 | 3 (33%) | 4 (4–5) | 9 | 0.3–7.0 | 4 | 0.09–6.4 | 3 | 1.1–8.3 | 1 | 0.2 | 1 | 2.8 | 3 | 0.2–1.5 |
| Retrospective | 14 (58%) | 1 949 376 | 139 241 | 167–596 591 | 5 (36%) | 3 (3–4) | 6 | 0.01–2.3 | 1 | 0.05 | 7 | 0.2–11.9 | 5 | 0.01–0.4 | 4 | 0.003–2.8 | 4 | 0.04–0.4 |
| Pressure ulcer-related | 52 (62%) | 625 011 | 12 019 | 59–158 236 | 3 (6%) | 7 (5–8) | 52 | 0.3–13.5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Per person | 15 (29%) | 81 094 | 5406 | 60–37 307 | 1 (7%) | 7 (6–8) | 15 | 3.0–8.5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Per ulcer | 37 (71%) | 543 917 | 14 700 | 59–158 236 | 2 (5%) | 6 (5–7) | 37 | 0.3–13.5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
-, not reported; %, prevalence; Amp, amputation; IQR, interquartile range; K, Study cohort numbers; m, mean; M, Median; n, patient numbers; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; PN, peripheral neuropathy. Study Aim: 1 = Investigating a foot disease disorder or risk factor is a primary aim of study, 0 = Investigating a foot disease disorder or risk factor is not a primary aim of study; Study Quality: Total agreed study quality score from the methodological assessment performed in table 2 (total possible score is 10).