Table 4

Association of pain clusters with clinically relevant health factors: multinomial multivariate logistic regression models*

OutcomeTotal (n=10 538)
RRR95% CIp Value
Cluster 1†
Reference group1.00
Cluster 2‡
Anxiety1.041.02 to 1.06<0.001
Depression1.021.00 to 1.040.125
Cognitive complaint
 None (reference group)1.00
 Mild1.301.10 to 1.530.002
 Moderate1.501.26 to 1.78<0.001
 Severe1.421.18 to 1.71<0.001
 Very severe1.431.15 to 1.770.001
Trouble falling asleep
 Not at all (reference group)1.00
 On some nights1.070.94 to 1.210.283
 On most nights1.210.96 to 1.530.110
Wake several times/night
 Not at all (reference group)1.00
 On some nights1.181.01 to 1.380.033
 On most nights1.301.06 to 1.590.012
Trouble staying asleep
 Not at all (reference group)1.00
 On some nights1.191.03 to 1.370.015
 On most nights1.040.82 to 1.310.771
Wake feeling tired
 Not at all (reference group)1.00
 On some nights1.661.47 to 1.88<0.001
 On most nights2.281.83 to 2.82<0.001
Cluster 3§
Anxiety1.041.02 to 1.060.001
Depression1.041.01 to 1.060.004
Cognitive complaint
 None (reference group)1.00
 Mild1.140.93 to 1.380.201
 Moderate1.261.02 to 1.540.028
 Severe1.231.00 to 1.530.051
 Very severe1.120.88 to 1.430.365
Trouble falling asleep
 Not at all (reference group)1.00
 On some nights1.110.96 to 1.280.173
 On most nights1.501.16 to 1.930.002
Wake several times/night
 Not at all (reference group)1.00
 On some nights1.180.98 to 1.430.075
 On most nights1.311.03 to 1.670.029
Trouble staying asleep
 Not at all (reference group)1.00
 On some nights1.170.99 to 1.390.064
 On most nights1.230.94 to 1.610.135
Wake feeling tired
 Not at all (reference group)1.00
 On some nights1.751.52 to 2.02<0.001
 On most nights2.211.74 to 2.82<0.001
Cluster 4
Anxiety1.041.01 to 1.060.002
Depression1.111.08 to 1.14<0.001
Cognitive complaint
None (reference group)1.00
 Mild1.521.19 to 1.940.001
 Moderate2.602.09 to 3.24<0.001
 Severe2.401.91 to 3.01<0.001
 Very severe2.141.66 to 2.76<0.001
Trouble falling asleep
 Not at all (reference group)1.00
 On some nights1.331.11 to 1.610.003
 On most nights1.931.46 to 2.54<0.001
Wake several times/night
 Not at all (reference group)1.00
 On some nights1.180.90 to 1.550.238
 On most nights1.611.17 to 2.210.003
Trouble staying asleep
 Not at all (reference group)1.00
 On some nights1.261.00 to 1.580.047
 On most nights1.070.78 to 1.470.656
Wake feeling tired
 Not at all (reference group)1.00
 On some nights2.441.99 to 2.99<0.001
 On most nights4.603.50 to 6.05<0.001

  • *All data: weighted to the probability of class membership, and adjusted for age, sex, BMI and number of morbidities.

  • †Cluster 1 participants had no pain sites or a low count of pain sites.

  • ‡Cluster 2 participants had a medium count of pain sites with no back pain.

  • §Cluster 3 participants had a medium count of pain sites with back pain.

  • ¶Cluster 4 participants had a high count of pain sites.

  • BMI, body mass index; RRR, relative risk ratio.