Minimum meal frequency by socioeconomic, health service and individual characteristics, Nigeria 2003–2013
| 2003 (%)* | Adjusted OR (LCI-UCI) | p Value | 2008 (%)* | Adjusted OR 95% (LCI-UCI) | p Value | 2013 (%)* | Adjusted OR 95% (LCI-UCI) | p Value | P trend | P for interaction | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socioeconomic | |||||||||||
| Mother’s employment | |||||||||||
| Not working | 35.3 | 1.00 | 44.4 | 1.00 | 54.7 | 1.00 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Working | 45.2 | 1.28 (1.00 to 1.64) | 0.047 | 53.3 | 1.44 (1.29 to 1.61) | <0.001 | 55.6 | 1.16 (1.05 to 1.29) | 0.047 | 0.001 | |
| Mother’s education | |||||||||||
| No schooling | 31.8 | 1.00 | 49.8 | 1.00 | 59.4 | 1.00 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Primary education | 50.4 | 1.73 (1.28 to 2.33) | <0.001 | 52.5 | 1.10 (0.95 to 1.28) | 0.197 | 55.8 | 1.21 (0.71 to 0.96) | 0.012 | 0.035 | |
| Secondary and above education | 51.7 | 2.01 (1.46 to 2.77) | <0.001 | 48.9 | 1.03 (0.88 to 1.21) | 0.725 | 49.5 | 1.09 (0.79 to 1.07) | 0.275 | 0.277 | |
| Father’s education | |||||||||||
| No schooling | 34.3 | 1.00 | 49.6 | 1.00 | 60.4 | 1.00 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Primary education | 42.9 | 0.96 (0.72 to 1.28) | 0.780 | 51.2 | 1.11 (0.97 to 1.26) | 0.132 | 52.5 | 1.01 (0.88 to 1.15) | 0.914 | 0.001 | |
| Secondary and above education | 52.8 | 1.94 (1.30 to 2.89) | 0.001 | 49.4 | 1.04 (0.86 to 1.26) | 0.673 | 51.2 | 0.98 (0.82 to 1.16) | 0.788 | 0.526 | |
| Household wealth | |||||||||||
| Poor | 35.4 | 1.00 | 50.7 | 1.00 | 58.4 | 1.00 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Middle | 46.5 | 1.58 (1.22 to 2.05) | <0.001 | 50.3 | 1.09 (0.97 to 1.24) | 0.145 | 56.0 | 0.95 (0.84 to 1.08) | 0.418 | 0.001 | |
| Rich | 48.8 | 1.72 (1.20 to 2.45) | 0.003 | 48.3 | 0.99 (0.83 to 1.18) | 0.905 | 50.1 | 0.88 (0.75 to 1.03) | 0.108 | 0.547 | |
| Health service | |||||||||||
| Place of delivery | |||||||||||
| Home | 36.0 | 1.00 | 50.6 | 1.00 | 58.8 | 1.00 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Health facility | 51.4 | 1.51 (1.15 to 1.99) | 0.003 | 49.3 | 1.00 (0.88 to 1.15) | 0.972 | 49.7 | 0.84 (0.74 to 0.95) | 0.007 | 0.264 | |
| Postnatal visits | |||||||||||
| None | 46.6 | 1.00 | 54.0 | 1.00 | 53.0 | 1.00 | 0.929 | 0.185 | |||
| 0–2 days | 46.9 | 1.53 (0.65 to 2.52) | 0.460 | 63.7 | 1.60 (1.20 to 2.14) | 0.001 | 58.9 | 1.21 (0.91 to 1.61) | 0.183 | 0.575 | |
| 3–42 days | 43.9 | 1.06 (0.25 to 4.41) | 0.926 | 65.3 | 1.51 (1.05 to 2.17) | 0.027 | 59.1 | 1.13 (0.79 to 1.61) | 0.518 | 0.274 | |
| Antenatal visits | |||||||||||
| None | 29.2 | 1.00 | 49.7 | 1.00 | 60.8 | 1.00 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| 1–3 | 42.6 | 1.55 (1.07 to 2.23) | 0.019 | 53.2 | 1.13 (0.94 to 1.36) | 0.189 | 54.4 | 0.79 (0.66 to 0.94) | 0.007 | 0.101 | |
| 4+ | 49.2 | 1.59 (1.14 to 2.20) | 0.006 | 51.7 | 1.19 (1.03 to 1.39) | 0.021 | 52.7 | 0.96 (0.83 to 1.11) | 0.590 | 0.522 | |
| Individual | |||||||||||
| Mother’s age, in years | |||||||||||
| 15–24 | 38.8 | 1.00 | 51.0 | 1.00 | 55.2 | 1.00 | <0.001 | 0.141 | |||
| 25–34 | 42.5 | 1.08 (0.80 to 1.45) | 0.612 | 49.8 | 0.93 (0.81 to 1.06) | 0.272 | 55.0 | 1.13 (1.00 to 1.29) | 0.056 | <0.001 | |
| 35–49 | 43.4 | 1.11 (0.73 to 1.70) | 0.621 | 49.7 | 0.93 (0.77 to 1.12) | 0.451 | 56.3 | 1.10 (0.92 to 1.31) | 0.282 | <0.001 | |
(%)*=Proportions of mothers who introduced solid, semisolid or soft foods in the study population (6–23 months); P trend=trend in each variable over the study period; P for interaction=interaction between a given study variable and the study period (2003–2013).
Multivariable models adjusted for the potential confounding factors of birth interval, sex of the baby and geopolitical zone.