Minimum dietary diversity by socio-economic, health service and individual characteristics, Nigeria 2003–2013
| 2003 (%)* | Adjusted OR 95% (LCI-UCI) | p Value | 2008 (%)* | Adjusted OR 955 (LCI-UCI) | p Value | 2013 (%)* | Adjusted OR 95% (LCI-UCI) | p Value | P trend | P for interaction | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socioeconomic | |||||||||||
| Mother’s employment | |||||||||||
| Not working | 23.2 | 1.00 | 24.0 | 1.00 | 14.7 | 1.00 | <0.001 | 0.018 | |||
| Working | 27.9 | 1.19 (0.91 to 1.56) | 0.210 | 33.2 | 1.36 (1.20 to 1.55) | <0.001 | 17.3 | 1.18 (1.01 to 1.38) | 0.041 | <0.001 | |
| Mother’s education | |||||||||||
| No schooling | 22.1 | 1.00 | 24.0 | 1.00 | 10.1 | 1.00 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Primary education | 27.3 | 1.63 (1.17 to 2.29) | 0.004 | 32.9 | 1.07 (0.90 to 1.26) | 0.437 | 18.3 | 1.54 (1.26 to 1.90) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Secondary and above education | 32.7 | 2.21 (1.55 to 3.13) | <0.001 | 36.4 | 1.17 (0.98 to 1.40) | 0.089 | 24.1 | 2.11 (1.72 to 2.60) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Father’s education | |||||||||||
| No schooling | 21.5 | 1.00 | 23.0 | 1.00 | 10.2 | 1.00 | <0.001 | 0.001 | |||
| Primary education | 26.4 | 1.32 (0.97 to 1.80) | 0.078 | 33.2 | 1.20 (1.03 to 1.39) | 0.020 | 19.3 | 1.50 (1.24 to 1.82) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Secondary and above education | 38.3 | 2.54 (1.68 to 3.85) | <0.001 | 37.9 | 1.40 (1.13 to 1.73) | 0.002 | 23.9 | 2.14 (1.69 to 2.70) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Household wealth | |||||||||||
| Poor | 22.3 | 1.00 | 25.1 | 1.00 | 10.8 | 1.00 | <0.001 | 0.443 | |||
| Middle | 27.2 | 1.36 (1.02 to 1.80) | 0.035 | 30.7 | 1.25 (1.09 to 1.44) | 0.002 | 15.9 | 1.38 (1.14 to 1.66) | 0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Rich | 37.1 | 2.27 (1.55 to 3.32) | <0.001 | 38.6 | 1.63 (1.35 to 1.97) | <0.001 | 23.7 | 2.11 (1.69 to 2.64) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Health service | |||||||||||
| Place of delivery | |||||||||||
| Home | 25.0 | 1.00 | 25.9 | 1.00 | 12.3 | 1.00 | <0.001 | 0.002 | |||
| Health facility | 28.2 | 1.57 (1.16 to 2.12) | 0.003 | 37.4 | 1.28 (1.11 to 1.48) | 0.001 | 23.2 | 1.51 (1.29 to 1.78) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Postnatal visits | |||||||||||
| None | 8.0 | 1.00 | 12.0 | 1.00 | 4.0 | 1.00 | <0.001 | 0.134 | |||
| 0–2 days | 18.1 | 2.36 (0.95 to 5.89) | 0.064 | 16.0 | 1.05 (0.69 to 1.61) | 0.812 | 5.3 | 1.10 (0.59 to 2.04) | 0.768 | 0.236 | |
| 3–42 days | 0.0 | 1.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.000 | 13.8 | 0.77 (0.44 to 1.34) | 0.347 | 8.0 | 1.51 (0.72 to 3.17) | 0.275 | 0.014 | |
| Antenatal visits | |||||||||||
| None | 19.4 | 1.00 | 21.7 | 1.00 | 10.0 | 1.00 | <0.001 | 0.066 | |||
| 1–3 | 21.7 | 1.34 (0.89 to 2.01) | 0.164 | 31.5 | 1.28 (1.05 to 1.58) | 0.017 | 13.8 | 1.16 (0.91 to 1.47) | 0.244 | <0.001 | |
| 4+ | 31.8 | 2.13 (1.53 to 2.98) | <0.001 | 35.4 | 1.42 (1.21 to 1.67) | <0.001 | 20.8 | 1.69 (1.40 to 2.05) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Individual | |||||||||||
| Mother’s age, in years | |||||||||||
| 15–24 | 26.2 | 1.00 | 27.6 | 1.00 | 14.7 | 1.00 | <0.001 | 0.470 | |||
| 25–34 | 25.5 | 1.07 (0.77 to 1.48) | 0.686 | 31.1 | 1.12 (0.96 to 1.31) | 0.137 | 17.7 | 1.22 (1.02 to 1.45) | 0.025 | <0.001 | |
| 35–49 | 27.6 | 1.14 (0.71 to 1.81) | 0.587 | 30.3 | 1.18 (0.96 to 1.46) | 0.112 | 16.1 | 1.27 (1.01 to 1.61) | 0.045 | <0.001 | |
(%)*=Proportions of mothers who introduced solid, semisolid or soft foods in the study population (6–23 months); P trend=trend in each variable over the study period; P for interaction=interaction between a given study variable and the study period (2003–2013).
Multivariable models adjusted for the potential confounding factors of birth interval, sex of the baby and geopolitical zone.