Participant characteristics by ethnicity
| Statistic | Mother identifies as Māori (N=194) | Mother identifies as non-Māori (N=439) | p Value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age (years) | Mean (SD) | 29.4 (6.1) | 32.8 (4.8) | <0.001 |
| NZ Deprivation Index (tenths) | Median (IQR) | 7 (4 to 9) | 4 (2 to 6) | <0.001 |
| Parity | Median (IQR) | 1 (0 to 2) | 0 (0 to 1) | 0.003 |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | Median (IQR) | 40 (39 to 41) | 40 (39 to 41) | 0.59 |
| Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | Median (IQR) | 27.4 (23.0 to 30.8) | 23.7 (21.5 to 26.8) | <0.001 |
| EPDS score in late pregnancy | Median (IQR) | 8 (5 to 12) | 7 (4 to 11) | 0.04 |
| Maternal smoking in late pregnancy | N (%) | 30 (15.5%) | 12 (2.7%) | <0.001 |
| Sleep duration before pregnancy | ||||
| Short sleep (≤6 h) | N (%) | 11 (5.7%) | 12 (2.7%) | |
| Average sleep (>6 to <9 h) | 114 (58.8%) | 341 (77.7%) | ||
| Long sleep (≥9 h) | 69 (35.6%) | 86 (19.6%) | <0.001 | |
| 3 or more poor nights’ sleep before pregnancy | N (%) | 22 (11.3%) | 38 (8.7%) | 0.29 |
| Birth weight | N (%) | |||
| Small for gestational age | 13 (6.7%) | 43 (9.8%) | ||
| Appropriate for gestational age | 149 (76.8%) | 341 (77.7%) | ||
| Large for gestational age | 32 (16.5%) | 55 (12.5%) | 0.22 | |
| Fetal distress | N (%) | 27 (13.9%) | 14 (3.2%) | <0.001 |
*Derived from linear regression when comparing means, non-parametric test of equality of medians, or χ2 tests for categorical variables.
BMI, body mass index; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; NZ, New Zealand.