Total charges and inpatient length of stay among APAP toxicity-related cases presenting to the ED according to age category, 2006–2010
| Age 11 years and below (N=42 623) | Age 12–20 years (N=106 725) | Age 21–64 years (N=246 640) | Age 65 years and above (N=15 893) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charges (exp(b), 95th CI) | LoS (IR, 95th CI) | Charges (exp(b), 95th CI) | LoS (IR, 95th CI) | Charges (exp(b), 95th CI) | LoS (IR, 95th CI) | Charges (exp(b), 95th CI) | LoS (IR, 95th CI) | |
| Patient characteristics | ||||||||
| Age | 1.04* (1.01 to 1.07) | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.07) | 1.05* (1.04 to 1.06) | 0.99 (0.98 to 1.01) | 1.01* (1.01 to 1.01) | 1.01* (1.01 to 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.01) |
| Female sex | 0.94 (0.86 to 1.02) | 1.07 (0.88 to 1.31) | 0.97 (0.93 to 1.01) | 1.00 (0.95 to 1.05) | 0.96* (0.93 to 0.98) | 0.97* (0.94 to 0.99) | 0.91 (0.83 to 1.01) | 0.94 (0.85 to 1.03) |
| Payer (vs commercial) | ||||||||
| Medicare | – | – | 0.93 (0.65 to 1.33) | 1.55 (0.90 to 2.65) | 0.98 (0.94 to 1.03) | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.06) | 1.14 (0.83 to 1.56) | 1.18 (0.81 to 1.72) |
| Medicaid | 0.81* (0.71 to 0.92) | 0.96 (0.79 to 1.16) | 0.92* (0.87 to 0.96) | 0.94* (0.89 to 0.98) | 0.96* (0.93 to 0.98) | 0.86* (0.83 to 0.91) | 0.92 (0.65 to 1.31) | 1.12 (0.74 to 1.69) |
| Other | 0.89 (0.71 to 1.05) | 1.08 (0.75 to 1.55) | 0.87* (0.82 to 0.92) | 0.92* (0.87 to 0.98) | 0.97 (0.94 to 1.01) | 0.94* (0.90 to 0.98) | 0.56* (0.36 to 0.86) | 0.93 (0.58 to 1.49) |
| Income quartile (vs lowest) | ||||||||
| 2nd quartile | 1.06 (0.95 to 1.18) | 1.27 (0.97 to 1.66) | 1.04 (0.98 to 1.10) | 1.05 (0.99 to 1.11) | 1.01 (0.97 to 1.04) | 0.99 (0.95 to 1.02) | 0.98 (0.86 to 1.11) | 0.99 (0.88 to 1.12) |
| 3rd quartile | 1.06 (0.88 to 1.28) | 1.33 (0.95 to 1.88) | 1.03 (0.97 to 1.10) | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.12) | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.06) | 1.00 (0.95 to 1.05) | 0.99 (0.87 to 1.14) | 0.92 (0.81 to 1.04) |
| 4th quartile | 0.95 (0.79 to 1.14) | 1.28 (0.97 to 1.68) | 1.03 (0.95 to 1.12) | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.07) | 1.09* (1.02 to 1.17) | 0.99 (0.94 to 1.04) | 1.13 (0.96 to 1.33) | 0.95 (0.85 to 1.09) |
| Rural residence | 1.19 (0.97 to 1.45) | 1.12 (0.71 to 1.75) | 1.00 (0.92 to 1.08) | 0.96 (0.86 to 1.07) | 1.03 (0.96 to 1.10) | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.09) | 0.93 (0.75 to 1.14) | 1.06 (0.88 to 1.27) |
| Hospital characteristics | ||||||||
| Rural location | 0.68* (0.55 to 0.87) | 0.86 (0.52 to 1.43) | 0.73* (0.66 to 0.81) | 0.80* (0.71 to 0.91) | 0.66* (0.60 to 0.72) | 0.76* (0.69 to 0.83) | 0.52* (0.42 to 0.66) | 0.67* (0.54 to 0.82) |
| Teaching facility | 1.28* (1.10 to 1.49) | 1.23 (0.98 to 1.54) | 1.14* (1.06 to 1.24) | 1.03 (0.96 to 1.10) | 1.06 (0.99 to 1.13) | 1.09* (1.05 to 1.15) | 0.95 (0.84 to 1.07) | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.13) |
| Region (vs Northeast) | ||||||||
| Midwest | 0.74* (0.64 to 0.87) | 0.72* (0.55 to 0.95) | 0.78* (0.71 to 0.86) | 0.83* (0.76 to 0.90) | 0.71* (0.65 to 0.78) | 0.79* (0.73 to 0.85) | 0.72* (0.61 to 0.85) | 0.74* (0.66 to 0.83) |
| South | 0.89 (0.76 to 1.05) | 0.91 (0.68 to 1.23) | 0.88* (0.79 to 0.98) | 0.91* (0.85 to 0.97) | 0.87* (0.79 to 0.97) | 0.90* (0.85 to 0.96) | 0.88 (0.75 to 1.04) | 0.85* (0.75 to 0.96) |
| West | 0.35* (0.27 to 0.45) | 0.71* (0.54 to 0.95) | 0.64* (0.57 to 0.73) | 0.76* (0.71 to 0.82) | 0.78* (0.70 to 0.86) | 0.82* (0.77 to 0.87) | 0.85 (0.71 to 1.02) | 0.74* (0.65 to 0.83) |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||||
| Congestive heart failure | – | – | – | – | 1.52* (1.30 to 1.78) | 1.31* (1.14 to 1.50) | 1.39* (1.23 to 1.59) | 1.25* (1.12 to 1.40) |
| Valvular disease | – | – | 1.36 (0.94 to 1.96) | 0.99 (0.68 to 1.44) | 1.42* (1.23 to 1.63) | 1.06 (0.95 to 1.18) | 1.56* (1.26 to 1.94) | 1.08 (0.91 to 1.29) |
| Pulmonary circulation disorders | – | – | – | – | 1.90* (1.45 to 2.47) | 1.45* (1.19 to 1.77) | 1.27 (0.89 to 1.81) | 1.10 (0.79 to 1.54) |
| Peripheral vascular disorders | – | – | – | – | 1.81* (1.47 to 2.23) | 1.40* (1.12 to 1.74) | 1.18 (0.98 to 1.42) | 1.01 (0.85 to 1.19) |
| Hypertension with complications | – | – | 1.51* (1.28 to 1.79) | 1.35* (1.17 to 1.56) | 1.43* (1.19 to 1.71) | 1.23* (1.05 to 1.45) | 1.50* (1.23 to 1.84) | 1.17 (0.99 to 1.37) |
| Paralysis | – | – | 1.79 (1.03 to 3.09) | 1.02 (0.70 to 1.48) | 1.60* (1.32 to 1.94) | 1.39* (1.19 to 1.63) | 1.94* (1.12 to 3.36) | 2.24 (1.08 to 4.62) |
| Other neurological disorders | 7.00* (2.80 to 17.49) | 1.41 (1.02 to 1.96) | 1.61* (1.45 to 1.78) | 1.05 (0.94 to 1.17) | 1.29* (1.24 to 1.34) | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.04) | 1.15* (1.03 to 1.29) | 1.01 (0.90 to 1.13) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 0.98 (0.80 to 1.20) | 0.81 (0.61 to 1.08) | 1.18* (1.11 to 1.26) | 0.97 (0.91 to 1.04) | 1.20* (1.15 to 1.26) | 1.02 (0.98 to 1.07) | 1.37* (1.23 to 1.52) | 1.03 (0.94 to 1.12) |
| Diabetes with complications | – | – | 1.02 (0.86 to 1.20) | 0.90 (0.74 to 1.11) | 1.27* (1.11 to 1.45) | 1.07 (0.95 to 1.22) | 1.60 (0.97 to 2.66) | 1.07 (0.79 to 1.46) |
| Hypothyroidism | – | – | 1.31 (1.00 to 1.72) | 1.39* (1.08 to 1.79) | 1.23* (1.15 to 1.31) | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.08) | 1.12 (1.00 to 1.25) | 0.89 (0.81 to 0.99) |
| Renal failure | – | – | 1.41 (0.84 to 2.37) | 0.88 (0.51 to 1.51) | 1.43* (1.23 to 1.67) | 1.16 (1.00 to 1.33) | 1.03 (0.82 to 1.29) | 0.99 (0.80 to 1.22) |
| Liver disease | – | – | 1.76* (1.30 to 2.39) | 1.53* (1.15 to 2.03) | 2.00* (1.80 to 2.23) | 1.52* (1.39 to 1.67) | 2.34* (1.66 to 3.31) | 1.52* (1.19 to 1.95) |
| HIV/AIDS | – | – | – | – | 1.56* (1.18 to 2.06) | 1.30* (1.12 to 1.52) | – | – |
| Lymphoma | – | – | – | – | 1.16 (0.86 to 1.57) | 1.02 (0.78 to 1.34) | – | – |
| Metastatic cancer | – | – | – | – | 1.64* (1.16 to 2.31) | 1.48* (1.07 to 2.03) | 1.38 (0.89 to 2.15) | 1.06 (0.64 to 1.76) |
| Solid tumour | – | – | – | – | 1.23 (0.97 to 1.56) | 1.12 (0.92 to 1.36) | 1.02 (0.84 to 1.24) | 0.88 (0.72 to 1.08) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular disease | – | – | 0.71 (0.38 to 1.32) | 0.84 (0.41 to 1.72) | 1.34* (1.21 to 1.49) | 1.12 (1.00 to 1.25) | 1.33* (1.07 to 1.64) | 1.02 (0.83 to 1.25) |
| Coagulopathy | – | – | 3.04* (2.46 to 3.78) | 1.98* (1.63 to 2.41) | 2.08* (1.91 to 2.26) | 1.48* (1.39 to 1.59) | 1.54* (1.26 to 1.89) | 1.12 (0.92 to 1.36) |
| Obesity | – | – | 1.58* (1.40 to 1.79) | 1.14 (1.01 to 1.28) | 1.39* (1.31 to 1.48) | 1.11 (1.01 to 1.22) | 1.18 (0.96 to 1.44) | 0.95 (0.76 to 1.20) |
| Weight loss/cachexia | – | – | – | – | 1.99* (1.63 to 2.42) | 1.83* (1.58 to 2.13) | 1.68* (1.32 to 2.16) | 1.58* (1.31 to 1.89) |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 6.46* (3.26 to 12.81) | 1.93* (1.34 to 2.80) | 1.95* (1.84 to 2.08) | 1.04 (0.99 to 1.09) | 1.82* (1.76 to 1.88) | 1.16* (1.13 to 1.20) | 1.81* (1.62 to 2.02) | 1.18* (1.08 to 1.28) |
| Blood loss or deficiency anaemia | 3.02* (1.67 to 5.47) | 1.28 (0.74 to 2.19) | 1.67* (1.43 to 1.94) | 1.20* (1.07 to 1.36) | 1.64* (1.55 to 1.74) | 1.27* (1.17 to 1.37) | 1.40* (1.23 to 1.59) | 1.11 (1.00 to 1.23) |
| Alcohol abuse | – | – | 1.23* (1.14 to 1.31) | 1.01 (0.95 to 1.08) | 1.24* (1.21 to 1.27) | 0.98 (0.95 to 1.01) | 1.19* (1.06 to 1.34) | 1.01 (0.88 to 1.15) |
| Drug abuse | – | – | 1.19* (1.13 to 1.20) | 1.11* (1.05 to 1.19) | 1.30* (1.26 to 1.34) | 1.11* (1.08 to 1.15) | 1.16 (0.99 to 1.36) | 1.09 (0.95 to 1.24) |
| Psychoses | – | – | 1.65* (1.57 to 1.74) | 1.01 (0.95 to 1.08) | 1.50* (1.46 to 1.55) | 1.02 (0.98 to 1.07) | 1.50* (1.33 to 1.70) | 1.27* (1.13 to 1.43) |
| Depression | – | – | 1.27* (1.22 to 1.33) | 0.87* (0.83 to 0.92) | 1.19* (1.16 to 1.23) | 0.84* (0.82 to 0.87) | 1.22* (1.10 to 1.35) | 0.90* (0.83 to 0.98) |
| Intentional self-harm | – | – | 1.40* (1.33 to 1.49) | 1.16* (1.09 to 1.23) | 1.17* (1.13 to 1.21) | 1.09* (1.05 to 1.13) | 1.16* (1.06 to 1.28) | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.11) |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | – | – | 3.21* (2.84 to 3.63) | 1.60* (1.41 to 1.82) | 3.37* (3.20 to 3.55) | 1.57* (1.50 to 1.64) | 1.39* (1.23 to 1.59) | 1.57* (1.39 to 1.78) |
| Calendar year | ||||||||
| 2007 (vs 2006) | 0.95 (0.80 to 1.13) | 1.12 (0.85 to 1.47) | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.08) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.09) | 1.04 (0.98 to 1.10) | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.08) | 1.06 (0.90 to 1.24) | 1.01 (0.87 to 1.17) |
| 2008 (vs 2006) | 1.04 (0.84 to 1.28) | 0.91 (0.68 to 1.23) | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.08) | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.07) | 1.03 (0.97 to 1.09) | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.07) | 1.02 (0.87 to 1.20) | 0.97 (0.85 to 1.10) |
| 2009 (vs 2006) | 1.01 (0.84 to 1.22) | 0.91 (0.69 to 1.22) | 1.04 (0.96 to 1.13) | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.09) | 1.06 (1.00 to 1.12) | 0.98 (0.93 to 1.03) | 0.97 (0.83 to 1.12) | 0.90 (0.79 to 1.02) |
| 2010 (vs 2006) | 1.16 (0.97 to 1.39) | 0.89 (0.69 to 1.15) | 1.08 (1.00 to 1.18) | 0.96 (0.90 to 1.03) | 1.07* (1.01 to 1.14) | 0.97 (0.93 to 1.02) | 1.09 (0.93 to 1.27) | 0.94 (0.83 to 1.07) |
*Statistically significant below the computed Simes (1986) false-discovery rate p value for charges (p<0.036) and LoS (p<0.024).
–, Variable omitted due to small sample size (n≤0.1%); exp(b), exponentiated β coefficient; IR, incidence ratio; LoS, length of stay.