n | Mean score | SD (post-treatment) | Effect size (Cohen’s d)* | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pretreatment | Post-treatment | ||||
Anxiety (HADS-A) | |||||
All | 607 | 12.20 | 9.36 | 4.86 | 0.58 |
Cases | 513 | 13.43 | 10.23 | 4.71 | 0.68 |
Depression (HADS-D) | |||||
All | 607 | 7.47 | 5.02 | 4.38 | 0.56 |
Cases | 288 | 10.97 | 7.36 | 4.88 | 0.74 |
Psychological distress (GHQ-12) | |||||
All | 604 | 6.51 | 4.12 | 3.74 | 0.64 |
Cases | 42 | 4.24 | 2.50 | 2.35 | 0.74 |
Anxiety and depression cases were clients scoring above the cut-points for HADS-A and HADS-D, respectively. A psychological distress case was a client scoring above the cut-point for GHQ-12 and below the cut-points for HADS-A and HADS-D.
GHQ-12, General Health Questionnaire-12; HADS-A/D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Anxiety/Depression.
*All p<0.001.