Table 2

Treatment effect sizes for anxiety, depression and psychological distress according to intention-to-treat analyses (n=607)

nMean scoreSD (post-treatment)Effect size (Cohen’s d)*
PretreatmentPost-treatment
Anxiety (HADS-A)
 All60712.209.364.860.58
 Cases51313.4310.234.710.68
Depression (HADS-D)
 All6077.475.024.380.56
 Cases28810.977.364.880.74
Psychological distress (GHQ-12)
 All6046.514.123.740.64
 Cases424.242.502.350.74
  • Anxiety and depression cases were clients scoring above the cut-points for HADS-A and HADS-D, respectively. A psychological distress case was a client scoring above the cut-point for GHQ-12 and below the cut-points for HADS-A and HADS-D.

  • GHQ-12, General Health Questionnaire-12; HADS-A/D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Anxiety/Depression.

  • *All p<0.001.