Baseline characteristics of study participants in intervention and control arms
| Characteristics | Categories | Intervention arm (n=117) | Control arm (n=147) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Female | 55 (47) | 67 (46) | |
| Age | Mean (SD) age (years) | 64 (10) | 65 (9) | |
| Diagnosis of diabetes | Mean (SD) duration (years) | 9 (8) | 8 (6) | |
| Ethnicity | Non-western | 2 (1.7) | 0 (0) | |
| Education* | Low | 80 (72) | 103 (74) | |
| Work status of patients <65 years† | Paid job | 28 of 55 (51) | 21 of 66 (32) | |
| Marital status | Married | 76 (66) | 92 (64) | |
| Single | 5 (4) | 12 (8) | ||
| Divorced | 16 (14) | 21 (14) | ||
| Widowed | 19 (16) | 19 (13) | ||
| Treatment† | Diet only | 8 (7) | 12 (8) | |
| Tablets | 69 (61) | 108 (76) | ||
| Insulin | 10 (9) | 4 (3) | ||
| Insulin and tablets | 27 (24) | 19 (13) | ||
| Psychological care | No psychological care | 96 (83) | 123 (86) | |
| In primary care setting | 17 (15) | 16 (11) | ||
| In secondary care setting | 3 (3) | 4 (3) | ||
| Health outcomes | Scale (range) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p Value t Test |
| Daily functioning | DFT (0–10) at screening | 6.8 (1.3) | 6.6 (1.3) | 0.205 |
| Blood glucose | HbA1c in mmol/mol | 53.0 (11.2) | 51.8 (10.2) | 0.429 |
| Diabetes-related distress | PAID (0–100) | 29.9 (16.9) | 28.9 (19.4) | 0.684 |
| Participation and autonomy | IPA autonomy indoors (0–28) | 6.9 (4.8) | 6.7 (4.5) | 0.734 |
| IPA family role (0–28) | 12.7 (5.5) | 12.8 (5.7) | 0.921 | |
| IPA autonomy outdoors (0–20) | 8.6 (4.2) | 8.4 (4.2) | 0.681 | |
| IPA social relationships (0–28) | 9.6 (4.6) | 9.4 (4.3) | 0.631 | |
| IPA work and education (0–24) | 11.1 (3.5) | 9.4 (3.2) | 0.116 | |
| Self-management | PIH (0–96) | 78.0 (8.9) | 73.2 (14.5) | 0.002† |
| Quality of life | SF-12 Physical component | 34.8 (9.6) | 35.0 (9.8) | 0.849 |
| SF-12 Mental component | 34.1 (11.3) | 35.2 (11.2) | 0.456 | |
| Self-efficacy | GSES (12–60) | 38.6 (7.5) | 39.2 (7.0) | 0.481 |
Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise.
*Low refers to primary school, lower vocational training or lower general education.
†Significant differences: p<0.05.
HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin. DFT, Daily Functioning Thermometer; PAID, Problem Areas in Diabetes; IPA, Impact on Participation and Autonomy; lower mean scores reflect better outcomes. PIH, Partners in Health Scale; SF-12, Short Form Health Questionnaire Physical and Mental component, mean score Dutch population is 50; GSES, General Self-efficacy scale; higher scores refer to better outcomes.