New classifications of generalised estimation equation results for EQ-5D among the four groups
| EQ-5D† | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable (reference group) | Mobility | Self-care | Usual activities | Pain/discomfort | Anxiety/depression | EQ-VAS‡ |
| OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | B | |
| Intercept | 61.93*** | |||||
| Smoking status | ||||||
| (Smokers) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | – |
| Relapsed smokers | 0.76 | 3.42 | 1.54 | 0.99 | 0.87 | 3.49 |
| Short-term quitters | 1.09 | 1.04 | 0.78 | 0.53** | 0.62** | 3.86** |
| Long-term quitters | 1.02 | 2.69* | 1.00 | 0.79 | 0.60*** | 7.78*** |
| Time | ||||||
| After 1 year | 1.12 | 1.10 | 0.89 | 1.14* | 1.00 | 0.41 |
| (6 months) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | – |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 1.16 | 0.91 | 1.13 | 0.70** | 0.81* | 2.45** |
| (Female) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | – |
| Age | ||||||
| (<30) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | – |
| 30–44 | 1.31 | 0.59 | 2.85** | 1.52** | 1.17 | 1.44 |
| 45–59 | 2.01 | 0.47 | 2.79* | 1.57** | 1.13 | 2.03* |
| ≥60 | 2.31 | 0.32 | 3.33** | 1.67** | 0.78 | 4.44*** |
| Education | ||||||
| (Under junior) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | – |
| High school | 0.77 | 0.49 | 0.70 | 0.84 | 1.08 | 2.87*** |
| University/college above | 0.58* | 0.77 | 0.68 | 0.69*** | 0.99 | 3.50*** |
| Marital status | ||||||
| (Married) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | – |
| Single | 1.36 | 0.13 | 1.12 | 1.09 | 0.98 | −0.59 |
| Separated/widowed | 1.74** | 3.00** | 1.61* | 1.55*** | 1.31* | −0.98 |
| Currently employed | ||||||
| Yes | 0.65* | 0.62 | 0.68* | 0.92 | 1.03 | 1.91* |
| (No) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | – |
| Monthly income | ||||||
| (Low) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | – |
| Medium | 0.48*** | 0.39 | 0.35*** | 0.79* | 0.64*** | 1.52 |
| High | 0.23*** | 0.34 | 0.21*** | 0.68** | 0.62*** | 3.12*** |
| Any disease at baseline | ||||||
| Yes | 3.11*** | 2.58* | 3.52*** | 3.06*** | 1.85*** | −6.51*** |
| (No) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | – |
*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.
†Each level of each dimension of EQ-5D was dichotomised into no problems (ie, level 1 as Y=0) and problems (ie, levels 2 and 3 as Y=1) and each was analysed using the binary logistic generalised estimation equation.
‡VAS had an intercept.
VAS, visual analogue scale.