COURAGE survey | SAGE survey | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Categories | Finland | Poland | Spain | China | Ghana | India | Mexico | Russia | South Africa |
BMI (kg/m2) | 18.5–24.9 (normal weight) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
25.0–29.9 (overweight) | 1.24 | 1.10 | 0.80 | 1.05 | 1.07 | 1.05 | 2.57* | 1.15 | 0.61 | |
(0.51–3.03) | (0.76–1.60) | (0.51–1.27) | (0.67–1.66) | (0.70–1.65) | (0.69–1.61) | (1.17–5.64) | (0.71–1.85) | (0.31–1.23) | ||
30.0–34.9 (obesity class I) | 1.67 | 1.91** | 1.20 | 0.52 | 1.56 | 1.96 | 1.45 | 1.59 | 1.07 | |
(0.50–5.57) | (1.25–2.92) | (0.76–1.89) | (0.23–1.19) | (0.82–2.97) | (0.99–3.87) | (0.66–3.17) | (0.95–2.65) | (0.40–2.84) | ||
≥35.0 (obesity class II+) | 4.64** | 2.77*** | 2.42*** | 0.84 | 1.64 | 1.58 | 2.35 | 1.78 | 2.19* | |
(1.76–12.21) | (1.71–4.47) | (1.50–3.90) | (0.10–7.30) | (0.88–3.05) | (0.57–4.42) | (0.48–11.64) | (0.66–4.80) | (1.11–4.32) | ||
Age (years) | 50–54 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
55–59 | 1.55 | 1.39 | 1.37 | 1.23 | 1.07 | 1.99** | 0.44 | 2.17 | 1.06 | |
(0.30–7.85) | (0.82–2.34) | (0.58–3.25) | (0.39–3.91) | (0.49–2.31) | (1.22–3.24) | (0.11–1.78) | (0.78–6.01) | (0.43–2.64) | ||
60–64 | 0.95 | 1.27 | 1.73 | 2.58 | 1.56 | 2.41** | 0.85 | 4.04** | 0.94 | |
(0.21–4.24) | (0.74–2.20) | (0.83–3.59) | (0.84–7.98) | (0.85–2.84) | (1.35–4.33) | (0.24–3.00) | (1.45–11.22) | (0.39–2.26) | ||
65–69 | 0.64 | 1.89 | 1.46 | 4.41** | 1.94* | 2.44*** | 0.48 | 6.55*** | 3.16* | |
(0.14–2.87) | (0.98–3.66) | (0.66–3.21) | (1.51–12.86) | (1.10–3.45) | (1.48–4.02) | (0.13–1.70) | (2.53–16.97) | (1.22–8.17) | ||
70–74 | 1.22 | 2.52** | 1.72 | 3.75* | 2.05* | 3.68*** | 0.78 | 15.45*** | 5.26*** | |
(0.25–6.01) | (1.42–4.47) | (0.78–3.79) | (1.23–11.37) | (1.11–3.78) | (2.23–6.08) | (0.20–3.06) | (5.37–44.45) | (2.06–13.44) | ||
≥75 | 1.92 | 3.84*** | 3.80*** | 9.74*** | 4.77*** | 5.33*** | 1.68 | 35.20*** | 3.59** | |
(0.36–10.24) | (2.30–6.40) | (1.83–7.88) | (3.53–26.88) | (2.85–7.99) | (3.35–8.48) | (0.50–5.59) | (13.36–92.70) | (1.44–8.95) | ||
Sex | Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Male | 1.38 | 0.69 | 0.53** | 1.04 | 0.95 | 0.66 | 2.37 | 0.82 | 0.67 | |
(0.65–2.95) | (0.47–1.00) | (0.34–0.81) | (0.68–1.60) | (0.60–1.51) | (0.42–1.03) | (0.87–6.41) | (0.30–2.27) | (0.32–1.39) | ||
Education | ≥Tertiary | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Secondary | 0.79 | 1.48 | 1.44 | 1.16 | 2.21 | 1.99 | 0.42 | 0.85 | 5.06 | |
(0.35–1.76) | (0.86–2.53) | (0.57–3.66) | (0.45–2.95) | (0.68–7.22) | (0.79–4.99) | (0.09–2.02) | (0.44–1.64) | (0.58–43.84) | ||
≤Primary | 1.54 | 1.96* | 3.25** | 1.23 | 1.76 | 2.83* | 1.93 | 1.06 | 7.40 | |
(0.69–3.42) | (1.10–3.50) | (1.42–7.45) | (0.51–2.98) | (0.54–5.72) | (1.14–7.04) | (0.53–6.97) | (0.48–2.34) | (0.94–57.96) | ||
Marital status | Married/cohabiting | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Not married | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 1.76* | 1.30 | 0.89 | 0.80 | 1.09 | |
(0.48–2.07) | (0.66–1.28) | (0.70–1.29) | (0.71–1.42) | (1.11–2.78) | (0.95–1.78) | (0.42–1.89) | (0.39–1.62) | (0.57–2.08) | ||
Wealth | Poorest | 6.09** | 1.26 | 1.41 | 1.22 | 0.73 | 0.51** | 5.30*** | 0.99 | 3.97*** |
(1.60–23.23) | (0.82–1.93) | (0.81–2.42) | (0.68–2.21) | (0.43–1.24) | (0.30–0.84) | (2.06–13.66) | (0.49–1.99) | (1.79–8.79) | ||
Poorer | 3.18 | 1.01 | 1.29 | 1.33 | 0.84 | 0.53* | 4.24* | 0.90 | 3.45** | |
(0.75–13.57) | (0.64–1.58) | (0.81–2.07) | (0.58–3.04) | (0.50–1.43) | (0.31–0.91) | (1.29–13.98) | (0.34–2.40) | (1.52–7.85) | ||
Middle | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Richer | 1.59 | 0.59* | 0.84 | 0.71 | 0.60 | 0.52* | 2.10 | 0.54 | 1.60 | |
(0.30–8.50) | (0.35–1.00) | (0.45–1.58) | (0.43–1.16) | (0.34–1.04) | (0.31–0.87) | (0.68–6.50) | (0.24–1.23) | (0.73–3.52) | ||
Richest | 0.44 | 0.67 | 0.79 | 0.20*** | 0.77 | 0.43*** | 1.02 | 0.56 | 1.80 | |
(0.04–4.53) | (0.35–1.27) | (0.40–1.57) | (0.11–0.39) | (0.45–1.35) | (0.26–0.71) | (0.33–3.16) | (0.27–1.13) | (0.82–3.95) | ||
Smoking | Never smoked | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Smoker | 0.46 | 0.96 | 1.34 | 0.86 | 0.69 | 0.80 | 0.33* | 1.06 | 1.12 | |
(0.12–1.74) | (0.63–1.48) | (0.76–2.35) | (0.51–1.44) | (0.35–1.34) | (0.55–1.16) | (0.12–0.90) | (0.52–2.15) | (0.62–2.03) | ||
Quit | 0.82 | 0.92 | 1.18 | 1.62 | 1.54 | 1.95 | 0.48 | 1.13 | 2.49* | |
(0.42–1.62) | (0.61–1.39) | (0.76–1.83) | (0.80–3.26) | (0.92–2.56) | (0.73–5.19) | (0.15–1.60) | (0.44–2.88) | (1.07–5.82) |
Data are adjusted OR (95% CIs). Country-wise regression models are adjusted for all covariates in the table.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. BMI, body mass index; COURAGE, Collaborative Research on Ageing in Europe; SAGE, WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health.