Adjusted HR (95% CI) for variables significantly associated with child and under-5 mortality
| Variables | Child (12–59 months) | Under-5 (0–59 months) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR*† | (95% CI) | p Value | HR*† | (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Year of survey | ||||||
| 2003 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 2008 | 0.71 | (0.54 to 0.93) | 0.015 | 0.75 | (0.63 to 0.90) | 0.002 |
| 2013 | 0.50 | (0.38 to 0.68) | <0.001 | 0.63 | (0.52 to 0.76) | <0.001 |
| Residence type | ||||||
| Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Rural | 1.52 | (1.16 to 1.99) | 0.002 | 1.29 | (1.11 to 1.50) | 0.001 |
| Household wealth index | ||||||
| Rich | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Middle | 1.63 | (1.14 to 2.32) | 0.007 | 1.42 | (1.18 to 1.70) | 0.001 |
| Poor | 1.72 | (1.19 to 2.49) | 0.004 | 1.43 | (1.17 to 1.76) | 0.001 |
| Individual-level factors | ||||||
| Mother’s education | ||||||
| Secondary or higher | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Primary | 1.58 | (1.13 to 2.20) | 0.007 | 1.11 | (0.93 to 1.32) | 0.244 |
| No education | 2.13 | (1.56 to 2.89) | <0.001 | 1.19 | (1.02 to 1.41) | 0.032 |
| Mother’s age (years) | ||||||
| 30–39 | 1.00 | |||||
| Less than 20 | – | – | – | 1.44 | (1.13 to 1.85) | 0.004 |
| 20–29 | – | – | – | 1.04 | (0.92 to 1.19) | 0.519 |
| 40–49 | – | – | – | 1.47 | (1.27 to 1.71) | <0.001 |
| Mother’s perceived baby size | ||||||
| Average or large | 1.00 | |||||
| Small or very small | – | – | – | 1.47 | (1.29 to 1.68) | <0.001 |
| Birth order and birth interval | ||||||
| 2nd or 3rd child, interval >2 years | ||||||
| 1st child | – | – | – | 1.42 | (1.17 to 1.71) | <0.001 |
| 2nd or 3rd child, interval ≤2 years | – | – | – | 1.48 | (1.19 to 1.84) | <0.001 |
| 4th or higher child, interval >2 years | – | – | – | 1.10 | (0.93 to 1.30) | 0.288 |
| 4th or higher child, interval ≤2 years | – | – | – | 1.89 | (1.58 to 2.26) | <0.001 |
| Sex of child | ||||||
| Female | – | – | – | 1.00 | ||
| Male | – | – | – | 1.24 | (1.12 to 1.38) | <0.001 |
| Mode of delivery | ||||||
| Non-caesarean | – | – | – | 1.00 | ||
| Caesarean section‡ | – | – | – | 1.74 | (1.25 to 2.42) | 0.001 |
*Independent variables adjusted for: place of residence, wealth index, mother's (religion, education, age, body mass index, work status and desire for pregnancy), father's education, child's (sex, birth place, body size, mode of delivery, delivery assistance, birth order and birth interval).
†Multiple births were excluded from the analysis; p values based on Cox regression.
‡Caesarean section is a combination of both elective and emergency caesarean—variables that were not statistically significant.