Table 4

Associations between perceived health, social activity, sociodemographic characteristics and CES-D10 depression score, stratified by region (urban, rural)

	Urban			Rural
	B	SE	p Value	B	SE	p Value
Perceived health status
Good	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
Normal	0.681	0.096	<0.0001	0.461	0.167	0.0057
Poor	2.272	0.098	<0.0001	1.826	0.165	<0.0001
Level of social activity
None	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
Moderate	−0.073	0.083	0.3803	−0.724	0.285	0.0112
Active	−0.309	0.127	0.0148	−0.102	0.153	0.5047
Perceived health status×social activity
Good×none	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
Normal×moderate	−0.258	0.105	0.0141	0.036	0.184	0.8438
Normal×active	−0.395	0.177	0.0256	0.205	0.393	0.6027
Poor×moderate	−0.629	0.107	<0.0001	−0.438	0.184	0.0171
Poor×active	−1.087	0.264	<0.0001	−0.273	0.467	0.5587
Sex
Male	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
Female	0.201	0.075	0.0076	0.048	0.130	0.7104
Age (years)
45–54	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
55–64	−0.148	0.055	0.007	0.062	0.111	0.5778
65–74	0.034	0.070	0.6303	0.189	0.128	0.1391
75–84	0.298	0.089	0.0009	0.296	0.151	0.0505
>85	0.369	0.152	0.0154	0.118	0.240	0.6240
Education
College graduate	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
High school graduate	0.097	0.086	0.264	0.168	0.235	0.4747
<High school	0.346	0.089	<0.0001	0.403	0.223	0.0707
Income
Q4 (high)	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
Q3	0.035	0.053	0.5035	−0.093	0.114	0.4145
Q2	0.265	0.057	<0.0001	0.008	0.112	0.9419
Q1 (low)	0.259	0.064	<0.0001	0.369	0.124	0.0029
Marital status
Married	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
Divorced, widowed, unmarried	0.588	0.077	<0.0001	0.371	0.139	0.0077
Type of household
With family	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
Alone	0.178	0.097	0.0665	0.246	0.160	0.1234
Chronic disease
No	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
Yes	0.256	0.049	<0.0001	−0.015	0.083	0.8599
Employment status
Yes	−0.242	0.049	<0.0001	−0.568	0.076	<0.0001
No	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
Smoking status
Current smoker	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
Ex-smoker	−0.137	0.078	0.0785	−0.169	0.132	0.2014
Non-smoker	−0.174	0.076	0.0223	−0.096	0.135	0.4740
Alcohol use
Current	−0.038	0.061	0.5376	−0.116	0.105	0.2680
Past	0.268	0.081	0.001	0.232	0.142	0.1039
Never	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–

p Values for results by analysis of generalised linear mixed-effects models.
CES-D10, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression 10 Scale.