Table 2

Mean CES-D10 depression scores of participants

Characteristic	2006			2008			2010			2012
Characteristic	Mean	SD	p Value	Mean	SD	p Value	Mean	SD	p Value	Mean	SD	p Value
Perceived health status
Good	1.80	1.76	<0.0001	2.36	2.36	<0.0001	2.57	2.50	<0.0001	2.61	2.45	<0.0001
Normal	2.65	2.26		3.53	2.74		3.40	2.82		3.16	2.72
Poor	4.52	2.93		5.38	2.88		5.23	3.01		5.21	3.06
Social activity
None	3.69	2.94	<0.0001	4.67	3.02	<0.0001	4.68	3.05	<0.0001	4.71	3.17	<0.0001
Moderate	2.66	2.38		3.43	2.81		3.34	2.87		3.27	2.79
Active	1.67	1.78		1.87	2.23		2.45	2.65		2.46	2.58
Sex
Male	2.44	2.31	0.0114	3.10	2.77	0.0091	3.27	2.88	0.5417	3.30	2.88	0.9096
Female	3.16	2.70		4.00	2.94		3.94	3.01		3.83	2.99
Age (years)
45–54	2.30	2.22	<0.0001	2.80	2.57	0.0216	2.72	2.65	0.2602	2.68	2.59	<0.0001
55–64	2.58	2.45		3.22	2.78		3.11	2.75		2.92	2.70
65–74	3.46	2.75		4.12	2.96		3.97	3.01		3.69	2.95
75–84	3.86	2.80		4.86	2.99		4.66	3.06		4.78	2.99
>85	3.80	2.82		5.05	2.92		4.65	3.15		5.14	3.09
Education
College graduate	1.88	1.88	0.0163	2.46	2.39	0.0114	2.42	2.48	<0.0001	2.79	2.65	0.6606
High school graduate	2.12	2.07		2.82	2.63		2.89	2.70		2.98	2.71
<High school	3.31	2.72		4.13	2.96		4.16	3.03		4.00	3.02
Income
Q4 (high)	2.02	2.01	<0.0001	2.78	2.57	<0.0001	2.77	2.68	<0.0001	2.87	2.69	0.0374
Q3	2.56	2.34		3.09	2.74		3.20	2.82		3.12	2.80
Q2	3.19	2.72		3.68	2.85		3.70	2.96		3.79	2.94
Q1 (low)	3.55	2.78		4.82	3.00		4.84	2.99		4.56	3.06
Marital status
Married	2.56	2.38	<0.0001	3.32	2.81	<0.0001	3.36	2.89	0.0011	3.31	2.84	0.0008
Divorced, widowed, unmarried	4.15	2.94		4.80	2.99		4.70	3.03		4.63	3.09
Type of household
With family	2.72	2.48	0.7201	3.48	2.86	0.4607	3.50	2.94	0.0753	3.46	2.92	0.0872
Alone	4.32	2.95		4.87	2.98		4.97	2.93		4.74	3.00
Chronic disease
No	2.35	2.24	0.1213	2.94	2.68	0.0047	2.99	2.74	0.0758	2.90	2.65	0.0201
Yes	3.44	2.78		4.22	2.97		4.13	3.05		4.04	3.04
Employment status
Yes	2.28	2.23	<0.0001	2.91	2.62	<0.0001	2.99	2.74	<0.0001	2.75	2.59	<0.0001
No	3.25	2.70		4.18	3.00		4.16	3.04		4.16	3.04
Smoking status
Current smoker	2.75	2.60	0.0035	3.35	2.88	0.0236	3.44	2.90	0.1735	3.32	2.86	0.3200
Ex-smoker	2.63	2.36		3.28	2.75		3.43	2.94		3.51	2.98
Non-smoker	2.90	2.57		3.73	2.93		3.74	2.99		3.69	2.96
Alcohol use
Current	2.53	2.39	0.0643	3.08	2.73	0.3448	3.14	2.76	0.0317	3.04	2.72	0.0013
Past	3.49	2.85		3.99	2.97		4.10	3.03		4.22	3.09
Never	3.00	2.61		3.92	2.96		3.14	2.76		3.81	3.00
Region
Urban	2.72	2.53	0.0117	3.46	2.90	0.0002	3.54	2.96	0.0641	3.53	2.99	0.2350
Rural	3.21	2.61		4.03	2.86		3.96	2.99		3.80	2.84

p Values for results by analysis of variance.
CES-D10, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression 10 Scale.