Study name | Alternative name (if applicable) | Study design | Average age (years) | Gender % female | Curriculum intensity (sessions) | Curriculum duration (months, unless otherwise stated) | Curriculum deliverer | Control group type | Ethnicity (dominant) | Country |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Armstrong et al (peer)10 | C-RCT | 12 | 49 | 5 | 6 | Peers | No curriculum | NS | Australia | |
Armstrong et al (teacher)10 | C-RCT | 12 | 49 | 5 | 6 | Teachers | No curriculum | NS | Australia | |
Ausems et al (in school)11 | C-RCT | 13 | 52 | 3×50 min | NS | Teachers | NS | NS | The Netherlands | |
Ausems et al (out school)11 | C-RCT | 13 | 52 | NS | NS | Teachers | NS | NS | The Netherlands | |
Aveyard et al199912 | C-RCT | 13.5 | 50 | 6×1 h | 12 | Teachers | Usual practice | 86% White | UK | |
Botvin and Eng 198013 | C-RCT | 13.5 | NS | 10 | 3 | Outside specialists | No curriculum | White | USA | |
Botvin and Eng 198214 | C-RCT | 12.5 | NS | 12×1 h | 3 | Peers | No curriculum | 90%+ White | USA | |
Botvin et al (LST intensive)15 | C-RCT | 12.5 | NS | 15 | 1 | Teachers | Usual practice | 91% White | USA | |
Botvin et al (LST)15 | C-RCT | 12.5 | NS | 15 | 3.5 | Teachers | Usual practice | 91% White | USA | |
Botvin et al16 | C-RCT | 11.5 | 100 | 15+ 10 boosters | NS | Teachers | 10 sessions of information only, plus 3 boosters | 60% African-American | USA | |
Brown et al17 | C-RCT | 13.5 | 50 | NS | NS | Students and teachers | Usual practice | NS | Canada | |
Buller et al (Australia)18 | Consider This | C-RCT | 11 to 14 | 52 | 6×1 h | 6 | Web-based | Usual practice | 73% Australian/European | Australia |
Buller et al (USA)18 | Consider This | C-RCT | 11 to 13 | 52 | 6×1 h | 6 | Web-based | Usual practice | 56% White | USA |
Chou et al19 | C-RCT | 12.5 | 48 | 13×45 min | 3 | Health educators (USA) | Usual practice | NS | China | |
Coe et al20 | C-RCT | 12.5 | NS | 8 | NS | Medical students | No curriculum | 88%+ White | USA | |
Connell et al21 | Adolescent Transitions Programme | C-RCT | 11 | 47 | 6 | 2 | Parent consultants | NS | 42% White | USA |
Conner and Higgins (I)22 | C-RCT | 11.5 | 50 | NS | 24 | NS | Information and homework intentions | NS | UK | |
Crone et al23 | C-RCT | 10 to 12 | 53 | 6×1 h | 24 | Teachers | Usual practice | NS | The Netherlands | |
De Vries et al (High)24 | C-RCT | 12.5 | NS | 5×45 min | NS | Peers and teachers | NS | NS | The Netherlands | |
De Vries et al (Denmark)25 | European Smoking Prevention Framework Approach | C-RCT | 13 | 50 | 6×1 h | NS | Teachers | Usual practice | European | Denmark |
De Vries et al (Finland)25 | European Smoking Prevention Framework Approach | C-RCT | 13 | 50 | 5×45 min | NS | Teachers | Usual practice | European | Finland |
De Vries et al (Portugal)25 | European Smoking Prevention Framework Approach | C-RCT | 13 | 50 | 6 | NS | Teachers | Usual practice | European | Portugal |
De Vries et al (UK)25 | European Smoking Prevention Framework Approach | C-RCT | 13 | 50 | 50×30 min | NS | Teachers | Usual practice | European | UK |
Denson and Stretch26 | C-RCT | 12 to 14 | NS | 3 | 24 | Researcher | No curriculum | NS | Canada | |
Elder et al 199627 | CATCH | C-RCT | 10.5 | 51 | 4×50 min | NS | Teachers | No curriculum | 71% White | USA |
Ellickson and Bell (HealthEd)28 | ALERT | C-RCT | 13.5 | 48 | 8+3 booster | 2 | Community adults | No curriculum or usual practice | 67% White | USA |
Ellickson and Bell 1990 (Teen)28 | ALERT | C-RCT | 13.5 | 48 | 8+3 booster | 2 | Students | No curriculum or usual practice | 67% White | USA |
Ellickson et al29 | ALERT | C-RCT | 12.5 | 50 | 7+3 | NS | Teachers | Usual practice | NS | USA |
Ennett et al30 | DARE | C-RCT | 10.5 | 49 | 17×1 h | 4 | Uniformed police officer | NS | 54% White | USA |
Faggiano et al31 | Unplugged | C-RCT | 12 to 14 | 48 | 12×1 h | 3 | Teachers | Usual practice | NS | Austria, Belgium, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, Sweden |
Figa-Talamanca and Modolo32 | C-RCT | 15 to 17 | 47 | 3 | 3 (days) | Health educators | No curriculum | NS | Italy | |
Gabrhelik et al33 | Unplugged | C-RCT | 11 | 50 | 12×45 min | 12 | Teachers | Usual practice | Czech | Czech Republic |
Garcia et al 200534 | ALERT | C-RCT | 13 | 47 | 8×1 h | NS | Teachers | Usual practice | NS | Spain |
Hort et al35 | C-RCT | 13 | 38 | 4×1–2 h + 15×1 h | 24 | Physicians and teachers | Physician talk on smoking if requested | NS | Germany | |
Howard et al36 | C-RCT | 10 | 46 | 5×40 min | NS | Teachers | NS | NS | USA | |
Johnson et al37 | Acadiana Coalition of Teens against Tobacco | C-RCT | 15 | 51 | NS | 30 | Teachers | NS | 61% White | USA |
Kellam and Anthony (GBG)38 | Good Behaviour Game | C-RCT | 5.5 | 50 | 3× per week×10 min | 24 | Teachers | Usual practice | 70% African-American | USA |
La Torre et al (adolescents)39 | C-RCT | 14 | 52 | NS | NS | Teachers | NS | NS | Italy | |
Luna-Adame et al40 | C-RCT | 11 | 51 | 21×1 h in year 1, 12×1 h in second year | 24 | Psychology students | Usual practice | NS | Spain | |
Nutbeam et al (FSE)41 | C-RCT | 11.5 | 43 | 3 | NS | Teachers | No curriculum | NS | UK | |
Peterson et al 200042 | Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project | C-RCT | 7 to 9 | 49 | 65 | NS | Teachers | Usual practice | 90% Caucasian | USA |
Piper et al (HFL Age)43 | Healthy for Life Project | C-RCT | 14.5 | 52 | 58 (in 3×4-week periods) | 36 | Community adults | Usual practice | 92%+ White | USA |
Piper et al (HFL)43 | Healthy for Life Project | C-RCT | 14.5 | 52 | 54 | 12 | Community adults | Usual practice | 92%+ White | USA |
Prokhorov et al44 | A Smoking Prevention Interactive Experience | C-RCT | 16 | 59 | 5×30 min+2 boosters | NS | Computer | Usual practice | 51% Hispanic | USA |
Resnicow et al (Harm Min)45 | Keep Left | C-RCT | 14 | 50 | 8 | 24 | Teachers | Usual practice | 60% Black | South Africa |
Resnicow et al (LST)45 | Life Skills Training | C-RCT | 14 | 50 | 8 | 24 | Teachers | Usual practice | 60% Black | South Africa |
Ringwalt et al46 | ALERT | C-RCT | 11 | 52 | 11×45 min+3 boosters | 24 | Teachers | No curriculum | 53% White | USA |
Schulze et al47 | Be smart—don’t start | C-RCT | 12 | 50 | NS | NS | Teachers | No curriculum | NS | Germany |
Seal48 | C-RCT | 15.5 | 11 | 10×1 h | NS | NS | Usual practice | Thai | Thailand | |
Simons-Morton et al49 | Going Places | C-RCT | 11 | 57 | 18 | 36 | Teachers | NS | 72% White | USA |
Spoth et al (ISFP)50 | Iowa Strengthening Families Program | C-RCT | 11 | 55 | 7 | 1 (day) | Project staff | 4 mailed booklets on changes in adolescents | NS | USA |
Spoth et al (PDFY)50 | Preparing for the Drug Free Years Program | C-RCT | 11 | 55 | 5 | NS | Project staff | 4 mailed booklets on changes in adolescents | NS | USA |
Spoth et al (LST + SFP)51 | SFP 10 | C-RCT | 12.5 | 45 | 7×1 h + 4 boosters | 1 (day) + boosters 1 yr later | Project staff and teachers | NS | 95%+ White | USA |
Spoth et al (LST)51 | SFP 10 | C-RCT | 12.5 | 45 | 15×45 min | NS | Project staff and teachers | NS | 95%+ White | USA |
Storr et al52 | C-RCT | 5.7 | 47 | NS | NS | Teachers | Usual practice | 86% African-American | USA | |
Telch et al (no peers)53 | C-RCT | 12 | 47 | 5 | 0.75 | Teachers | No curriculum | 24% White | USA | |
Telch 1990 (peers)53 | C-RCT | 12 | 47 | 5 | 0.75 | Peers | No curriculum | 24% White | USA | |
Unger et al (CHIPS)54 | Choosing Healthy Influences for a Positive Self | C-RCT | 11 | 54 | NS | NS | Health educators | Usual practice | 61% Hispanic | USA |
Unger et al (FLAVOR)54 | Fun Learning About Vitality, Origins and Respect | C-RCT | 11 | 54 | NS | NS | Health educators | Usual practice | 58% Hispanic | USA |
Valente et al55 | Project Towards No Drug Abuse | C-RCT | 16 | 38 | 12 | 3–4-weeks | Peers | Usual practice | 72% Hispanic/Latino | USA |
Van Lier et al56 | Good Behaviour Game | C-RCT | 7 | 48 | 3× per week×10 min | NS | Teachers | No curriculum | 69% Dutch descent | The Netherlands |
Walter et al57 | Know your Body | C-RCT | 9 | 47 | 2 per week | 12 | Teachers | Information | 84% White | USA |
Weichold et al (peer)58 | Life Skills Training | C-RCT | 11 | 44 | 10×90 min, 5× 45 min+boosters | NS | Peers | Produced student newspaper | German | Germany |
Weichold et al (teacher)58 | Life Skills Training | C-RCT | 11 | 44 | 10×90 min 5×45 min + boosters | NS | Teachers | Produced student newspaper | German | Germany |
Wen et al59 | C-RCT | 13 | 46 | NS | 18 | School nurses and health educators | Usual practice | NS | China |
C-RCT, cluster randomised controlled trial; NS, not stated.