Association of demographic and clinical characteristics with shingles among RWISA participants
| Covariates | Bivariate | Multivariate | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Age, years | ||||
| <30 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 30–40 | 0.69 | 0.40 to 1.17 | 0.52 | 0.29 to 0.93 |
| >40 | 0.90 | 0.48 to 1.68 | 0.75 | 0.38 to 1.48 |
| Monthly income, n (%) | ||||
| <10 000 Rwf (US$18) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 10 000–35 000 Rwf | 0.79 | 0.48 to 1.29 | 0.96 | 0.55 to 1.67 |
| >35 000 Rwf (US$64) | 1.40 | 0.74 to 2.64 | 2.00* | 1.00 to 3.99 |
| Employment (yes vs no) | 0.84 | 0.49 to 1.44 | ||
| Schooling | ||||
| No schooling | 1.00 | |||
| Some primary school | 0.80 | 0.45 to 1.42 | ||
| Secondary or university | 0.89 | 0.50 to 1.56 | ||
| Ability to read (yes vs no) | 0.87 | 0.53 to 1.46 | ||
| Electricity in house (yes vs no) | 0.95 | 0.47 to 1.92 | ||
| Non-genocidal rape (yes vs no) | 1.62 | 0.92 to 2.85 | 1.80 | 0.96 to 3.35 |
| Genocidal rape (yes vs no) | 1.45 | 0.93 to 2.28 | ||
| Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) | ||||
| BMI <18.5 | 1.00 | 2.58 | 1.36 to 4.89 | |
| BMI 18.5–21 | 0.89 | 0.50 to 1.58 | 2.27 | 1.29 to 4.01 |
| BMI >21 | 0.42** | 0.23 to 0.74 | 1.00 | |
| CD4 cell count, cells/µL | ||||
| HIV positive, CD4 >350 | 1.00 | |||
| HIV positive, CD4 200–350 | 1.70 | 0.90 to 3.23 | 1.92 | 0.96 to 3.85 |
| HIV positive, CD4 <200 | 2.44** | 1.31 to 4.55 | 2.43* | 1.23 to 4.81 |
| Depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥16) | ||||
| No (CES-D <16) | 1.00 | |||
| Minor (CES-D 16–27) | 2.00* | 1.02 to 4.03 | ||
| Major (CES-D >27) | 2.43* | 1.19 to 5.98 | ||
| PTSD, HTQ ≥2 (yes vs no) | 1.64* | 1.01 to 2.66 | 1.72* | 1.03 to 2.89 |
*p<0.05; **p<0.01.
CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; HTQ, Harvard Trauma Questionnaire; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; Rwf, Rwandan francs (currency); RWISA, Rwanda Women's Interassociation Study and Assessment.