The association between the protein:carbohydrate ratio z-score and protein intake (substituted for carbohydrates*) in mid-pregnancy and gestational weight gain (g/week), N=46 262
| Gestational weight gain (g/week) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude (meanΔ, 95% CI) | Adjusted† (meanΔ, 95% CI) | |||
| Protein:carbohydrate ratio z-score | p for trend‡ | p for trend | ||
| Q1 (−1.3±0.4)§ | 0 (reference) | <0.0001 | 0 (reference) | <0.0001 |
| Q2 (−0.5±0.1) | −7 (−13 to −0) | −6 (−13 to −0) | ||
| Q3 (−0.1±0.1) | −13 (−19 to −6) | −11 (−18 to −5) | ||
| Q4 (0.4±0.2) | −16 (−22 to −9) | −12 (−19 to -6) | ||
| Q5 (1.4±0.8) | −24 (−30 to −18) | −16 (−22 to −9) | ||
| Protein-carbohydrate substitution¶ | p for trend | p for trend | ||
| Q1 (71±6)§ | 0 (reference) | <0.0001 | 0 (reference) | <0.0001 |
| Q2 (83±2) | −9 (−15 to −2) | −10 (−17 to −4) | ||
| Q3 (90±2) | −6 (−13 to 0) | −8 (−14 to −1) | ||
| Q4 (96±2) | −12 (−19 to −5) | −12 (−18 to −5) | ||
| Q5 (109±7) | −16 (−23 to −9) | −13 (−20 to −7) | ||
| Low protein¶ | p Value | p Value | ||
| <12% vs ≥12% | 15 (6 to 24) | 0.001 | 17 (8 to 26) | 0.0001 |
| High protein¶ | p Value | p Value | ||
| >20% vs ≤20% | −23 (−33 to −13) | <0.0001 | −15 (−25 to −5) | 0.002 |
| Low versus high protein¶ (N=4733) | p Value | p Value | ||
| <12% vs >20% | 39 (22 to 55) | <0.0001 | 36 (20 to 53) | <0.0001 |
*Isocaloric regression models including protein and fat while excluding carbohydrates.
†Adjusted for parental socioeconomic status, maternal age, parity, maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, maternal height, maternal smoking, civil status and total energy intake.
‡p Value for trend using the quintile median.
§Means±SD. Means±SD for protein are energy-adjusted.
¶Additionally adjusted for total fat intake.