Variable | GP OR (95% CI) | Psychiatrist OR (95% CI) | Psychologist OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender (female) | |||
Male | 1.08 (0.80 to 1.47) | 1.30 (0.83 to 2.04) | 0.79 (0.52 to 1.21) |
Age group (18–34 years) | |||
35–54 years | 0.94 (0.64 to 1.38) | 1.04 (0.60 to 1.79) | 0.76 (0.48 to 1.20) |
55 years and above | 0.93 (0.56 to 1.53) | 0.81 (0.39 to 1.66) | 0.22 (0.09 to 0.52)† |
Education (secondary and above) | |||
Primary or no formal education | 0.96 (0.63 to 1.48) | 0.71 (0.39 to 1.30) | 0.32 (0.11 to 0.96)† |
Marital status (married) | |||
All others‡ | 1.32 (0.96 to 1.81) | 1.44 (0.92 to 2.24) | 1.72 (1.10 to 2.67)† |
Employment status (employed) | |||
All others§ | 0.96 (0.67 to 1.37) | 1.32 (0.81 to 2.16) | 1.01 (0.61 to 1.67) |
Household monthly income (≤HK$ 30 000) | |||
>HK$ 30 000 | 1.06 (0.77 to 1.46) | 1.01 (0.63 to 1.62) | 1.73 (1.14 to 2.62)† |
District of residence (Hong Kong Island) | |||
Kowloon | 0.68 (0.47 to 0.99)† | 1.04 (0.62 to 1.74) | 0.80 (0.47 to 1.35) |
New Territories and Outlying Islands | 0.59 (0.42 to 0.83)† | 0.74 (0.45 to 1.23) | 0.83 (0.53 to 1.30) |
Physical comorbidities (none) | |||
At least one | 1.51 (1.08 to 2.12)† | 0.67 (0.41 to 1.09) | 1.11 (0.71 to 1.75) |
Family history of mental illness (no) | |||
Yes | 1.42 (0.96 to 2.09) | 1.23 (0.73 to 2.07) | 1.01 (0.58 to 1.74) |
Self-reported diagnosed depression (no) | |||
Yes | 7.45 (5.28 to 10.52)† | 43.85 (27.32 to 70.38)† | 7.34 (4.43 to 12.18)† |
Self-reported diagnosed other MI (no) | |||
Yes | 4.25 (2.77 to 6.52)† | 6.88 (4.21 to 11.26)† | 5.32 (3.02 to 9.35)† |
PHQ-9 score at baseline (≤9) | |||
>9 | 2.24 (1.59 to 3.15)§ | 1.22 (0.75 to 1.97) | 1.00 (0.58 to 1.72) |
Service sector (public) | |||
Private | 0.47 (0.31 to 0.71)† | 1.27 (0.75 to 2.18) | 0.88 (0.46 to 1.67) |
Brackets indicate reference categories.
Hosmer and Lemeshow tests suggested an adequate model fit for all three models: GP, χ2=9.973, p=0.267; psychiatrist, χ2=10.092, p=0.259; psychologist, χ2=4.138, p=0.844.
*Respondents included all cross-sectional participants at baseline.
†Statistically significant at p<0.05.
‡‘All others’ in marital status includes being single, divorced or widow.
§‘All others’ in employment status includes being unemployed, retired, housemaker or student.
GP, general practitioner; MI, mental illness; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire.