Appraisal of risk of bias of the included studies using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool12
| Study | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fonseca et al25 | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | High |
| Gilman*26 | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | High | Unclear | High |
| Abdulwahid*27 | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear |
| Lukashevich*28 | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear |
| Makdissi et al29 | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Moses et al*30 | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | High | Unclear | Unclear |
| Nogueira*31 | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear |
| Violante et al32 | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | High | Low | High |
| Owens et al33 | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | High |
| Hermansen et al34 | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | Unclear | High |
Items:
1. Random sequence generation.
2. Allocation concealment.
3. Blinding of participants and personnel.
4. Blinding of outcome assessment.
5. Incomplete outcome data.
6. Selective reporting.
7. Other bias.
*Unpublished data.
High, high risk; Low, low risk; Unclear, unclear risk.