Summary of included comparative studies (N=57)
| Author, year | Study design | Quality | N | Country | Outcomes (assessment type) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adinma, 199719 | Cross-sectional | Low | 256 | Nigeria | Obstetric (self-report) |
| Almroth, 2005a20 | Case–control | High | 279 | Sudan | Infertility (clinical) |
| Almroth, 2005b21 | Cross-sectional | High | 255 | Sudan | Genitourinary (clinical) |
| Alsibiani, 201022 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | 260 | Saudi Arabia | Sexual (self-report) |
| Balk, 200023 | Based on the Sudan DHS 1990 | Moderate | 5856 | Sudan | Infertility (self-report) |
| Berardi, 198524 | Prospective | Low | 852 | France | Obstetric (clinical) |
| Bohoussou, 198625 | Cross-sectional | Low | 4935 | Ivory Coast | Obstetric (unclear) |
| Brewer, 200726 | Based on the Kenya DHS 2003 | High | 539 | Kenya | HIV/STIs (clinical) |
| Browning, 2010 27 | Retrospective cohort | Moderate | 492 | Ethiopia | Genitourinary, obstetric (clinical) |
| Chibber, 201128 | Prospective | Low | 4800 | Unclear | Obstetric (clinical) |
| De Silva, 198929 | Prospective | Low | 2157 | Saudi Arabia | Genitourinary, obstetric (clinical) |
| El Dareer, 198330 | Cross-sectional | Low | 3210 | Sudan | Immediate, genitourinary (self-report) |
| el Defrawi, 200131 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | 250 | Egypt | Genitourinary, sexual (self-report) |
| Elmusharaf, 200632 | Case–control | High | 222 | Sudan | HIV/STIs (clinical) |
| Elnashar, 200733 | Cross-sectional | Low | 264 | Egypt | Genitourinary, sexual, obstetric, (self-report) |
| Essén, 200536 | Registry study | Moderate | 2554 | Sweden | Obstetric (clinical) |
| Fillo, 200737 | Based on the Burkina Faso DHS 2003 | Moderate | 12 477 | Burkina Faso | Genitourinary (unclear) |
| Hakim, 200138 | Unclear if prospective or retrospective | Low | 1481 | Ethiopia | Obstetric (clinical) |
| Holmgren, 200339 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | 857 | Guinea-Bissau | HIV/STIs (clinical) |
| Inhorn, 199340 | Case–control | High | 190 | Egypt | Infertility (clinical) |
| Jackson, 200541 | Cross-sectional | Low | ? | Ghana | Infertility (self-report) |
| Johnson 200542 | Registry study | Low | 5416 | USA | Obstetric (clinical) |
| Jones, 1999-I43 | Cross-sectional | Low | 1920 | Burkina Faso | Genitourinary (clinical), obstetric (self-report) |
| Jones, 1999-II 43 | Prospective | Moderate | 5337 | Mali | Genitourinary, obstetric (clinical) |
| Kanki, 199244 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | 1710 | Senegal | HIV/STIs (clinical) |
| Kaplan, 201145 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | 871 | Gambia | Immediate (self-report), genitourinary (clinical) |
| Klouman, 200546 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | 396 | Tanzania | Genitourinary, HIV/STIs, infertility (clinical) |
| Larsen, 200247 | Based on the Sudan DHS 1990 | Moderate | 5849 | Sudan | Infertility (self-report) |
| Larsen 200248 | Cross-sectional | Low | 1836 | Nigeria | Obstetric (self-report) |
| Larsen, 2000-I49 | Based on the CAR DHS 1995 | Moderate | 4388 | Central African Republic | Infertility (self-report) |
| Larsen, 2000-II49 | Based on the Ivory Coast DHS 1995 | Moderate | 5930 | Ivory Coast | Infertility (self-report) |
| Larsen, 2000-III49 | Based on the Tanzania DHS 1997 | Moderate | 6043 | Tanzania | Infertility (self-report) |
| Larsen, 198950 | Cross-sectional | Low | 2183 | Sudan | Infertility (self-report) |
| Lupo, 199951 | Registry study | Low | 114 | USA | Obstetric (unclear) |
| Maslovskaya, 200952 | Based on the Kenya DHS 2003 | High | 3114 | Kenya | HIV/STIs (clinical) |
| Millogo-Traore, 200753 | Prospective | Low | 454 | Burkina Faso | Obstetric (clinical) |
| Morison, 200154 | Cross-sectional | High | 1157 | Gambia | Genitourinary, sexual, HIV/STIs, infertility (clinical) |
| Msuya, 200255 | Cross-sectional | High | 379 | Tanzania | Genitourinary, HIV/STIs (clinical) |
| Ndiaye, 201056 | Cross-sectional | Low | 354 | Burkina Faso | Obstetric (clinical) |
| NSEO, 200234 | Cross-sectional | Low | 7765 | Eritrea | Sexual, obstetric (self-report) |
| NSO, 199535 | Cross-sectional | Low | 4775 | Eritrea | Sexual, obstetric (self-report) |
| Nwajei, 200357 | Cross-sectional | Low | 400 | Nigeria | Genitourinary (self-report) |
| Odoi, 199758 | Cross-sectional | Low | 195 | Ghana | Sexual (self-report) |
| Oduro, 200659 | Registry study | High | 5071 | Ghana | Obstetric (clinical) |
| Okonofua, 200260 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | 1836 | Nigeria | Genitourinary, sexual (clinical/self-report) |
| Orji, 200661 | Cross-sectional | Low | 500 | Nigeria | Obstetric (self-report) |
| Pépin, 200662 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | 1026 | Guinea-Bissau | HIV (clinical) |
| Pépin, 199163 | Cross-sectional | Low | 345 | Gambia | HIV (clinical) |
| Rushwan, 198364 | Cross-sectional | Low | 2502 | Sudan | Immediate, genitourinary, sexual, infertility (self-report) |
| Shandall, 196765 | Cross-sectional | Low | 4487 | Sudan | Immediate, genitourinary (clinical/self-report) |
| Slanger, 200266 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | 1107 | Nigeria | Obstetric (self-report) |
| Small, 200867 | Registry study | Low | 2 179 322 | Multiple | Obstetric (clinical) |
| Vangen, 200268 | Registry study | Low | 703 925 | Norway | Obstetric (clinical) |
| WHO study group, 200669 | Prospective | High | 28 393 | Multiple | Obstetric (clinical) |
| Wuest, 200970 | Prospective | Low | 232 | Switzerland | Obstetric (clinical) |
| Yount, 200771 | Based on the Kenya DHS 2003 | Moderate | 3167 | Kenya | HIV/STIs (clinical), obstetric (self-report) |
| Yount, 200672 | Cross-sectional | Low | 1700 | Egypt | Infertility, obstetric (self-report) |
Two studies are presented in Jones 1999 43 (Jones 1999-I is from Mali, and Jones 1999-II is from Burkina Faso); three studies are presented in Larsen 2000 49 (Larsen 2000-I is from the Central African Republic, Larsen 2000-II is from the Ivory Coast, and Larsen 2000-III is from Tanzania).
CAR, Central African Republic; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey; Quality, Methodological study quality at study level; STIs, sexually transmitted infections.