Adjusted results for the effect of indirect MICU/HDU admissions on selected outcomes (all patients excluding those admitted to the ICU for hypotension, respiratory failure or who were intubated)
| Factor | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|
| (1) Outcome: in-hospital mortality | |
| Admission to the ICU | |
| Indirect | 10.67 (0.76 to 149.39) |
| Direct (Ref) | – |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 0.72 (0.32 to 1.64) |
| Age | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.07) |
| Hospitalisation within the past 7 days | |
| No | 1.09 (0.05 to 22.43) |
| Yes (Ref) | – |
| Gender | |
| Female | 0.50 (0.41 to 6.05) |
| Male (Ref) | – |
| Heart rate at the ED | |
| 70–109 | 0.43 (0.01 to 12.67) |
| 110–129 or 50–69 | 0.35 (0.01 to 14.94) |
| 140+ or <55 (Ref) | – |
| Respiratory rate at the ED | |
| 12–24 | 0.07 (0.00 to −) |
| <12 or >24 (Ref) | – |
| Oxygen saturation at the ED | |
| 98–100 (Ref) | 2.24 (0.08 to 63.61) |
| <98 | |
| Mean arterial pressure at the ED | |
| 70–109 | 0.05 (0.00 to 5.41) |
| 110–129 or 50–69 | 0.01 (0.00 to 1.66) |
| 130+ or <50 (Ref) | – |
| Apache on arrival at the ICU | |
| 0–9 | 0.23 (0.00 to 26.07) |
| 10–14 | 0.00 (0.00 to −) |
| 15–19 | 2.35 (0.13 to 41.91) |
| 20–24 | 0.16 (0.01 to 4.95) |
| 25–29 | 0.90 (0.02 to 48.44) |
| 30+ (Ref) | – |
| Where patient was admitted | |
| ICU | 4.50 (0.14 to 142.83) |
| HDU (Ref) | – |
| (2) Outcome: death within 60 days of admission | |
| Admission to the ICU | |
| Indirect | 10.30 (0.83 to 128.02) |
| Direct (Ref) | – |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 1.09 (0.53 to 2.24) |
| Age | 1.01 (0.93 to 1.10) |
| Hospitalisation within the past 7 days | |
| No | 1.09 (0.05 to 22.43) |
| Yes (Ref) | – |
| Gender | |
| Female | 0.22 (0.02 to 2.19) |
| Male (Ref) | – |
| Heart rate at the ED | |
| 70–109 | 1.42 (0.05 to 39.37) |
| 110–129 or 50–69 | 0.33 (0.01 to 11.56) |
| 140+ or <55 (Ref) | – |
| Respiratory rate at the ED | |
| 12–24 | 0.31 (0.00 to −) |
| <12 or >24 (Ref) | – |
| Oxygen saturation at the ED | |
| 98–100 | 0.63 (0.05 to 8.69) |
| <98 (Ref) | – |
| Mean arterial pressure at the ED | |
| 70–109 | 0.16 (0.00 to 5.91) |
| 110–129 or 50–69 | 0.02 (0.00 to 1.30) |
| 130+ or <50 (Ref) | – |
| Apache on arrival at the ICU | |
| 0–9 | 1.13 (0.02 to 76.15) |
| 10–14 | 0.00 (0.00 to –) |
| 15–19 | 1.79 (0.12 to 26.97) |
| 20–24 | 0.93 (0.07 to 12.44) |
| 25–29 | 0.27 (0.01 to 15.54) |
| 30+ (Ref) | – |
| Where patient was admitted | |
| ICU | 2.00 (0.07 to 59.39) |
| HDU (Ref) | – |
| (3) Outcome: total in-hospital length of stay | |
| Admission to the ICU | |
| Indirect | 1.06 (0.51 to 2.22) |
| Direct (Ref) | – |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 0.76 (0.59 to 0.96)* |
| Age | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.02) |
| Hospitalisation within the past 7 days | |
| Yes | 2.09 (0.57 to 7.72) |
| No (Ref) | – |
| Gender | |
| Female | 0.76 (0.39 to 1.49) |
| Male (Ref) | – |
| Heart rate at the ED | |
| 70–109 | 0.62 (0.18 to 2.15) |
| 110–129 or 50–69 | 1.46 (0.40 to 5.33) |
| 140+ or <55 (Ref) | – |
| Respiratory rate at the ED | |
| 12–24 | 2.58 (0.27 to 24.38) |
| <12 or >24 (Ref) | – |
| Oxygen saturation at the ED | |
| 98–100 | 0.71 (0.31 to 1.62) |
| <98(Ref) | – |
| Mean arterial pressure at the ED | |
| 70–109 | 0.78 (0.24 to 2.54) |
| 110–129 or 50–69 | 0.64 (0.19 to 2.20) |
| 130+ or <50 (Ref) | – |
| Apache on arrival at the ICU | |
| 0–9 | 0.96 (0.22 to 4.30) |
| 10–14 | 1.24 (0.45 to 3.38) |
| 15–19 | 0.57 (0.20 to 1.64) |
| 20–24 | 0.65 (0.24 to 1.82) |
| 25–29 | 0.84 (0.21 to 3.32) |
| 30+ (Ref) | – |
| Where patient was admitted | |
| ICU | 1.10 (0.42 to 2.91) |
| HDU (Ref) | – |
| (4) Outcome: ICU/MICU length of stay | |
| Admission to the ICU | |
| Indirect | 0.94 (0.65 to 1.36) |
| Direct (Ref) | – |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 1.01 (0.93 to 1.10) |
| Age | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) |
| Hospitalisation within the past 7 days | |
| No | 1.05 (0.45 to 2.46) |
| Yes (Ref) | – |
| Gender | |
| Female | 1.16 (0.83 to 1.61) |
| Male (Ref) | – |
| Heart rate at the ED | |
| 70–109 | 0.90 (0.50 to 1.63) |
| 110–129 or 50–69 | 0.77 (0.42 to 1.41) |
| 140+ or <55 (Ref) | – |
| Respiratory rate at the ED | |
| 12–24 | 2.98 (0.38 to 23.14) |
| <12 or >24 (Ref) | – |
| Oxygen saturation at the ED | |
| 98–100 | 1.06 (0.73 to 1.52) |
| <98 (Ref) | – |
| Mean arterial pressure at the ED | |
| 70–109 | 1.00 (0.58 to 1.72) |
| 110–129 or 50–69 | 0.91 (0.50 to 1.64) |
| 130+ or <50 (Ref) | – |
| Where patient was admitted | |
| ICU | 0.93 (0.62 to 1.39) |
| HDU (Ref) | – |
ED, emergency department; HDU, high dependency unit; ICU, intensive care unit; MICU, medical ICU.