18.5–24.9 kg/m2 N=394 | 25–29.9 kg/m2 N=925 | 30–34.9 kg/m2 N=659 | ≥35 kg/m2 N=565 | p-Trend | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 60.4 (1.17) | 59.4 (0.74) | 56.1 (0.68) | 51.3 (0.64) | <0.01 |
Non-Hispanic white, % | 62.6 (4.20) | 63.7 (2.57) | 68.5 (2.53) | 66.6 (2.65) | 0.27 |
Non-Hispanic black, % | 11.2 (1.58) | 15.0 (1.45) | 12.9 (1.27) | 18.8 (2.03) | <0.01 |
Mexican-American, % | 11.7 (2.59) | 12.5 (1.73) | 13.9 (2.02) | 9.6 (1.49) | 0.29 |
Women, % | 51.5 (3.68) | 44.0 (2.44) | 43.6 (2.90) | 63.1 (3.18) | <0.01 |
Current smoker, % | 26.8 (3.25) | 18.3 (2.03) | 20.8 (2.47) | 17.4 (2.29) | 0.09 |
Former smoker, % | 30.8 (3.43) | 40.1 (2.71) | 36.8 (3.09) | 31.5 (3.16) | 0.35 |
Never smoker, % | 42.4 (3.99) | 41.6 (2.53) | 42.4 (2.83) | 51.1 (2.85) | 0.01 |
<High school education, % | 32.8 (3.41) | 38.2 (2.53) | 35.4 (2.78) | 35.5 (2.76) | 0.97 |
High school education, % | 26.5 (3.72) | 29.4 (2.91) | 31.4 (2.38) | 32.7 (3.37) | 0.19 |
>High school education, % | 40.7 (4.15) | 32.4 (2.46) | 33.2 (2.98) | 31.8 (3.29) | 0.20 |
Income <US$20 000, % | 41.6 (4.08) | 39.1 (2.22) | 31.8 (2.71) | 36.9 (2.78) | 0.22 |
Previously diagnosed diabetes, % | 60.7 (4.03) | 59.6 (2.58) | 50.5 (2.60) | 60.8 (3.37) | 0.93 |
Undiagnosed diabetes, % | 39.4 (4.03) | 40.4 (2.58) | 49.5 (2.60) | 39.2 (3.37) | 0.93 |
Diabetes duration*, years | 10.6 (0.74) | 9.6 (0.72) | 9.1 (0.79) | 8.8 (0.83) | 0.13 |
Duration <5 years, % | 24.3 (3.16) | 27.3 (2.16) | 22.3 (2.33) | 32.0 (3.00) | 0.04 |
Duration 5–9 years, % | 15.2 (2.45) | 10.7 (1.23) | 12.8 (1.53) | 10.7 (1.51) | 0.27 |
Duration 10–14 years, % | 7.8 (1.50) | 9.2 (1.19) | 5.9 (1.29) | 7.4 (1.46) | 0.49 |
Duration 15–19 years, % | 3.5 (1.07)* | 5.7 (1.08) | 4.3 (1.01) | 2.9 (1.04)* | 0.24 |
Duration ≥20 years, % | 10.0 (1.61) | 6.7 (1.13) | 5.2 (1.13) | 7.8 (1.49) | 0.61 |
No exercise, % | 39.7 (5.17) | 36.7 (4.04) | 36.5 (4.73) | 44.6 (4.73) | 0.39 |
Exercise 1–3 times/week, % | 44.2 (5.49) | 48.3 (4.57) | 44.8 (5.07) | 27.6 (5.03) | 0.01 |
Exercise ≥3 times/week, % | 16.1 (4.18) | 15.0 (2.23) | 18.8 (3.20) | 27.8 (3.62) | 0.02 |
Calories†, kcal | 1718 (100.1) | 1855 (65.0) | 1987 (87.6) | 2011 (128.0) | 0.08 |
Calories from saturated fat†, mean % | 10.5 (0.37) | 11.1 (0.26) | 11.5 (0.52) | 12.2 (0.48) | 0.01 |
Mean HbA1c, mean % | 7.1 (0.18) | 7.1 (0.08) | 7.3 (0.11) | 7.2 (0.10) | 0.48 |
HbA1c<5.9%, % | 40.0 (3.75) | 32.5 (2.44) | 28.3 (2.98) | 26.3 (3.10) | <0.01 |
HbA1c 5.9–7.0%, % | 22.7 (2.83) | 34.4 (2.60) | 36.8 (2.93) | 39.0 (3.10) | <0.01 |
HbA1c ≥7.1%, % | 37.3 (3.42) | 33.1 (2.35) | 34.9 (2.71) | 34.7 (2.68) | 0.86 |
Not taking medication, % | 61.8 (3.49) | 57.1 (2.28) | 60.5 (2.90) | 51.6 (3.14) | 0.05 |
Taking oral medications only, % | 25.0 (2.75) | 31.4 (2.13) | 27.7 (2.74) | 36.7 (2.94) | 0.01 |
Taking insulin, % | 13.2 (2.58) | 11.5 (1.37) | 11.8 (1.50) | 11.7 (1.51) | 0.70 |
Hypertension, % | 44.2 (4.15) | 56.7 (2.39) | 57.7 (3.19) | 64.0 (3.27) | <0.01 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 218.7 (6.06) | 217.5 (2.48) | 215.6 (3.08) | 210.1 (3.20) | 0.08 |
Waist circumference, cm | 87.8 (0.51) | 99.6 (0.36) | 109.0 (0.44) | 125.0 (1.03) | <0.01 |
*Among participants with previously diagnosed diabetes.
†Based on a 24 h dietary recall.
HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin.