Unadjusted and adjusted OR of major depression during pregnancy among women with singleton pregnancies from 2002 to 2010 in Finland using women with no major depression during pregnancy without and with a history of depression prior to pregnancy as a reference population (categories 1 and 2)
| Characteristic | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)* |
|---|---|---|
| A history of depression prior to pregnancy | 29.43 (27.62 to 31.35) | 22.36 (20.86 to 23.98) |
| Maternal age (years) | ||
| ≤19 | 3.14 (2.79 to 3.52) | 1.58 (1.38 to 1.81) |
| 20–29 | 1 | 1 |
| 30–39 | 0.86 (0.81 to 0.92) | 1.19 (1.11 to 1.28) |
| ≥40 | 1.41 (1.22 to 1.63) | 1.65 (1.41 to 1.94) |
| Nulliparous women | 1.25 (1.18 to 1.33) | 1.21 (1.12 to 1.30) |
| Multiparous women | 1 | 1 |
| Smoking status | ||
| Non-smoking | 1 | 1 |
| Quit smoking during first trimester | 2.52 (2.23 to 2.84) | 1.57 (1.38 to 1.80) |
| Smoking after first trimester | 3.25 (3.03 to 3.49) | 1.67 (1.53 to 1.81) |
| Missing information | 1.32 (1.09 to 1.60) | 1.09 (0.88 to 1.35) |
| Married/living with a partner | 1 | 1 |
| Single | 2.86 (2.62 to 3.11) | 1.63 (1.48 to 1.79) |
| SES | ||
| Upper white-collar worker | 1 | 1 |
| Lower white-collar worker | 1.69 (1.43 to 1.99) | 1.42 (1.20 to 1.69) |
| Blue-collar worker | 2.29 (1.93 to 2.73) | 1.53 (1.27 to 1.84) |
| Others† | 2.59 (2.20 to 3.05) | 1.67 (1.40 to 1.98) |
| Missing information | 2.88 (2.43 to 3.40) | 1.66 (1.39 to 1.98) |
| Prior miscarriages | 1.15 (1.07 to 1.24) | 1.09 (1.00 to 1.18) |
| Prior terminations | 1.82 (1.69 to 1.97) | 1.14 (1.04 to 1.24) |
| IVF | 0.70 (0.53 to 0.94) | 0.78 (0.58 to 1.07) |
| Anaemia ≤100 g/L | 2.02 (1.70 to 2.41) | 1.49 (1.22 to 1.81) |
| Gestational diabetes | 1.49 (1.37 to 1.62) | 1.29 (1.11 to 1.50) |
| Pre-existing diabetes | 1.56 (1.42 to 1.71) | 1.10 (0.93 to 1.31) |
| Fear of childbirth | 3.80 (3.49 to 4.13) | 2.63 (2.39 to 2.89) |
| Male fetal sex | 1.01 (0.95 to 1.07) | 0.97 (0.91 to 1.04) |
*ORs of major depression adjusted by history of depression prior to pregnancy, maternal age, parity, smoking status, marital status, SES, prior miscarriages, prior terminations, IVF, anaemia, gestational diabetes, pre-existing diabetes, fear of childbirth and fetal sex.
†Others comprise entrepreneurs, students, retired women, unemployed women, housewives and all unclassifiable cases.
IVF, in vitro fertilisation; SES, socioeconomic status.