Biomarkers of interest
| Plasma biomarker | Importance in ALI/ARDS development |
|---|---|
| Surfactant protein-D (SP-D)11–13 | Reflect injury and↑permeability of alveolar epithelium |
| Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)14–16 | Reflects endothelial activation and injury |
| Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)17–20 | Reflects endothelial activation and injury |
| Interleukin-6 (IL-6)13 21–23 | Inflammation |
| IL-813 16 20–23 | Inflammation |
| Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)13 20 24–28 | Activation of coagulation and inhibition of fibrinolysis |
| Von Willebrand factor (VWF)26 29 30 | Reflects endothelial activation and injury |
| Protein C (PROTC)13 20 24 28 31 | Activation of coagulation and inhibition of fibrinolysis |
| Tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)13 32 33 | Inflammation |
ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome.