Table 4

Associations between consumption of organic vegetables and subgroups of pre-eclampsia among 28 192 pregnant women in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study 2002–2008

NPer centHigh consumption, organic vegetables (%)Adjusted model*
OR (95% CI)
p ValueAdjusted model†
OR (95% CI)
p Value
Subtypes by time of onset
Early-onset pre-eclampsia‡
 Yes1420.50.40.69 (0.32 to 1.48)0.340.75 (0.35 to 1.62)0.46
 No26 70194.795.8
Late-onset pre-eclampsia
 Yes13494.83.80.76 (0.60 to 0.97)0.0300.79 (0.62 to 1.01)0.063
 No26 70194.795.8
Subtypes by clinical severity
Mild pre-eclampsia
 Yes8413.02.20.70 (0.51 to 0.96)0.0290.73 (0.53 to 1.00)0.051
 No26 70194.795.8
Severe pre-eclampsia§
 Yes4341.51.40.91 (0.61 to 1.34)0.620.97 (0.65 to 1.43)0.86
 No26 70194.795.8
Unspecified pre-eclampsia
 Yes2160.80.50.66 (0.35 to 1.24)0.200.67 (0.35 to 1.27)0.22
 No26 70194.795.8
  • *Model adjusted for hypertension prior to pregnancy, pre-pregnant body mass index, maternal height, maternal age, maternal education, household income, maternal smoking in pregnancy, total energy intake and gestational weight gain.

  • †Model adjusted for all of the above and additional adjustment for ‘healthy’ food scores.

  • ‡Diagnosed before 34 weeks.

  • §Severe pre-eclampsia including eclampsia and HELLP syndrome (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count).