Table 2

Confirmatory factor analysis results—domains of disability in the HIV Disability Questionnaire (HDQ; n=361)

Domain of disability (latent variables)	Item no	HDQ items (indicator variables)	Standardised factor loadings	95% CI
Physical symptoms and impairments (20 items)	1	I feel too tired to do my usual activities (loss of energy)	0.64	0.59 to 0.70
	2	I have diarrhoea	0.34	0.25 to 0.42
	3	I feel nauseous	0.66	0.60 to 0.71
	4	I have headaches	0.60	0.54 to 0.67
	5	I have numbness or tingling in my hands	0.60	0.54 to 0.67
	6	I have numbness or tingling in my feet	0.58	0.52 to 0.64
	7	I have aches or pains	0.68	0.64 to 0.73
	8	I have trouble swallowing food	0.52	0.44 to 0.59
	9	I have less desire to have sex (decreased libido)	0.46	0.39 to 0.53
	10	I have shortness of breath	0.59	0.53 to 0.66
	11	I have fever, chills or sweats	0.57	0.50 to 0.64
	12	I feel weakness in my muscles	0.73	0.69 to 0.78
	13	I have muscle cramps	0.67	0.62 to 0.72
	14	I have stomach cramps	0.63	0.57 to 0.69
	15	I am losing weight	0.42	0.34 to 0.50
	16	I lack an appetite for food	0.46	0.39 to 0.53
	17	I have trouble sleeping	0.50	0.43 to 0.57
	18	I have problems with my vision	0.57	0.50 to 0.64
	19	I have problems with my hearing	0.42	0.34 to 0.50
	20	I feel dizzy	0.70	0.65 to 0.76
Cognitive symptoms and impairments (3 items)	21	I have trouble remembering things like appointments and when to take my medication	0.72	0.67 to 0.78
	22	I have trouble thinking clearly	0.90	0.87 to 0.92
	23	I have trouble concentrating	0.87	0.84 to 0.90
Mental health symptoms and impairments (11items)	24	I feel anxious	0.67	0.62 to 0.71
	25	I feel sad, down or depressed	0.77	0.73 to 0.80
	26	I am afraid for my future	0.77	0.74 to 0.81
	27	I lack confidence around others	0.76	0.72 to 0.81
	28	I am uncomfortable with how my body looks	0.62	0.57 to 0.67
	29	I feel isolated even when I am around others. In other words, I feel that I do not belong	0.81	0.78 to 0.84
	30	I feel embarrassed around others	0.82	0.79 to 0.85
	31	I feel guilty	0.76	0.72 to 0.81
	32	I feel lonely	0.75	0.71 to 0.79
	33	I feel discouraged about my future life options	0.81	0.78 to 0.84
	34	I feel ‘shut out’ by my friends or family	0.66	0.60 to 0.72
Uncertainty or worry about the future (14 items)	35	I worry about my future health living with HIV	0.84	0.81 to 0.87
	36	I worry about my lab test results such as my CD4 count and viral load	0.76	0.72 to 0.80
	37	I worry about having a serious illness.	0.86	0.84 to 0.88
	38	I worry about what the outcome of my next episode of illness might be	0.87	0.85 to 0.89
	39	I worry about the side effects of HIV treatments	0.70	0.66 to 0.75
	40	I worry about my income or financial security living with HIV	0.68	0.64 to 0.72
	41	I worry what might happen to my family and friends if I have an episode of illness	0.68	0.63 to 0.73
	42	I worry about being able to remain in the workforce or return to the workforce	0.56	0.50 to 0.62
	43	I worry about dying	0.64	0.58 to 0.70
	44	I worry about my bodily appearance	0.67	0.62 to 0.71
	45	I worry about the legal issues of telling others about my HIV status	0.58	0.52 to 0.63
	46	I worry about what others would think of me if they knew I was HIV positive	0.59	0.54 to 0.64
	47	I worry about transmitting HIV to others	0.39	0.31 to 0.46
	48	I have put certain life decisions on hold (such as buying a house, returning to work or school, or starting a family) because of my uncertainty living with HIV	0.58	0.53 to 0.64
Difficulties with day-to-day activities (9 items)	49	I am unsteady on my feet	0.69	0.64 to 0.74
	50	I have trouble walking	0.75	0.70 to 0.79
	51	I have trouble climbing stairs	0.73	0.69 to 0.77
	52	I have trouble with daily activities such as eating, bathing, grooming, or dressing	0.71	0.66 to 0.77
	53	I have trouble doing household chores such as cleaning, doing dishes, laundry, and cooking	0.78	0.74 to 0.82
	54	I have trouble taking part in leisure or recreation, such as exercise or dancing	0.78	0.74 to 0.82
	55	I have trouble getting out to do errands such as grocery shopping, banking, or doctor's appointments	0.85	0.82 to 0.88
	56	I have trouble keeping track of my finances	0.53	0.47 to 0.60
	57	I have trouble getting around, such as driving or taking public transportation	0.74	0.68 to 0.79
Challenges to social inclusion (12 items)	58	I find it hard to meet the needs of those I care for (such as children, parents, grandparents, partners, or pets)	0.59	0.52 to 0.66
	59	I find it hard to fulfil my role as a family or community member living with HIV	0.72	0.68 to 0.76
	60	I feel cut off from my friends, networks, ethnic or religious communities	0.71	0.66 to 0.76
	61	My illness prevents me from doing volunteer or paid work or going to school	0.60	0.54 to 0.66
	62	I feel that my work performance is limited because of my illness	0.64	0.59 to 0.70
	63	I struggle to maintain safe and stable housing living with HIV	0.48	0.41 to 0.56
	64	I find it hard to talk with others about my illness, even my family and friends	0.56	0.51 to 0.62
	65	I find it hard to ask others for help when I go through an episode of illness	0.67	0.62 to 0.72
	66	I find it hard to start new friendships living with HIV	0.70	0.66 to 0.75
	67	I find it hard to start new, intimate, sexual relationships living with HIV	0.54	0.48 to 0.60
	68	I tend to isolate myself from others because I am HIV positive	0.76	0.72 to 0.80
	69	I find it hard to take part in leisure or recreational things like going to the movies, out to dinner, or on vacation because I cannot afford it	0.48	0.41 to 0.55

Confirmatory Factor Analysis—Goodness of Fit Statistics.
χ²=3020.981 (p value <0.0001).
Degrees of freedom (df)=2262.
Comparative Fit Index (CFI)=0.812 (ideal is ≥0.95).
Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI)=0.805 (ideal is ≥0.95).
Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA)=0.030 (good fit indicated by <0.05).
Results
All standardised factor loadings were statistically significant (p<0.0001).
All factor loadings were >0.30 which indicate the HDQ items ‘load’ on a given domain of disability.