Characteristics of the included studies
| Index test | Sound conduction | Pain from vibration | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bache and Cross7 | Moore6 | Lesho9 | Kazemi and Roscoe2 | Dissmann and Han8 | Wilder et al10 | |
| Number of participants | 100 | 37 | 52 | 46 | 49 | 45 |
| Age (years) | Mean | Range | Mean | Mean | Range | Mean |
| 79 | 7–60 | 25 | 30 | 12–84 | 31 | |
| Setting | Emergency department | University sports clinic/orthopaedic centre | Army medical centre | Emergency department | Emergency department | Runners clinic |
| Suspected fracture type | Femoral neck fracture | Any fracture | Tibial stress fracture | Any fracture | Ankle inversion injuries* | Stress fractures in legs and feet |
| Reference test | X-ray | X-ray | Bone scan | Bone scan | X-ray | X-ray and bone scan |
| Time since symptom onset | Not reported | <7 days old | Not reported | 0–10 days | Not reported | Not reported |
*Patients had tested positive to the ‘Ottawa ankle rule’.