Baseline characteristics of male participants according to the smoking status
| Non-smokers | Smokers | Former smokers | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size, n (%) | 180 (44.4) | 122 (30.1) | 103 (25.4) | |
| Age, years | 43.0±9.5 | 38.3±10.8 | 45.9±9.2 | 0.032 |
| Height, cm | 179.8±5.9 | 179±5.7 | 179±7.1 | 0.560* |
| Body weight, kg | 81.3±10.9 | 81.5±11.9 | 83.7±11.2 | 0.777* |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.1±3.0 | 25.3 ±3.3 | 26.1±3.5 | 0.634* |
| WC, cm | 92.2±9.5 | 92.1±10.1 | 94.6±9.4 | 0.911* |
| HC, cm | 99.0±7.4 | 98.6±7.2 | 99.7±7.6 | 0.895* |
| WHR | 0.931±0.07 | 0.932±0.06 | 0.950±0.08 | 0.466* |
| WHtR | 0.524±0.06 | 0.520±0.06 | 0.540±0.06 | 0.827* |
| Fasting glucose, mmol | 4.6±0.6 | 4.5±1.0 | 4.6±0.5 | 0.217* |
| Total cholesterol, mmol | 5.6±1.0 | 5.5±1.1 | 5.6±0.9 | 0.683* |
| HDL-C, mmol | 1.4±0.3 | 1.4±0.4 | 1.5±0.3 | 0.025* |
| LDL-C, mmol | 3.6±0.9 | 3.5±0.9 | 3.6±0.8 | 0.990* |
| Triacylglycerols, mmol | 1.3±0.7 | 1.5±1.0 | 1.4±1.0 | 0.006* |
| TC to HDL-C ratio | 4.2±1.2 | 4.3±1.3 | 4.1±1.2 | 0.098* |
| Total WCC, G/L(a,b) | 6.2±1.4 | 7.1±1.9 | 6.3±1.2 | 0.009* |
| Energy intake, kJ | 9306±2334 | 9402±1865 | 9411±2355 | 0.941† |
| Physical activity (%) | ||||
| Low | 33.5 | 33.0 | 29.1 | 0.902‡ |
| Medium | 46.5 | 48.9 | 47.7 | |
| High | 20.0 | 18.1 | 23.3 | |
| Education level | ||||
| Medium | 56.9 | 77.0 | 74.5 | <0.001‡ |
| High | 43.1 | 23.0 | 25.5 | |
Values are shown as mean±SD.
*p Value determined by multivariate ANOVA and adjusted for age, physical activity and energy intake.
†p Value determined by multivariate ANOVA and adjusted for age. LSD was the post hoc procedure. (a) Statistically significant differences between non-smokers and smokers and (b) statistically significant differences between smokers and former smokers.
‡p Values analysed using χ2 test.
BMI, body mass index; G/L, 1×109 cells/L. HC, hip circumference; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; WC, waist circumference; WCC, white cell count; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio.