Characteristics of study participants according to type 2 diabetes status in the Shanghai Men's Health Study (2002–2010) and the Shanghai Women's Health Study (1997–2010)*
| Men | Women | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No type 2 diabetes | Type 2 diabetes | No type 2 diabetes | Type 2 diabetes | |
| Number of participants | 55 311 | 4599 | 66 823 | 6291 |
| Age at baseline (y) | 54.89 (9.63) | 60.48 (9.61) | 51.94 (8.91) | 58.51 (8.34) |
| Education level (%) | ||||
| Illiteracy or elementary school | 6.27 | 11.33 | 19.28 | 43.18 |
| Middle school | 33.51 | 33.57 | 37.95 | 29.27 |
| High school | 36.69 | 29.53 | 28.85 | 18.41 |
| Graduate school/college | 23.52 | 25.57 | 13.92 | 9.14 |
| Income (%)† | ||||
| Low | 12.86 | 9.24 | 15.58 | 21.43 |
| Low-middle | 77.45 | 80.82 | 38.08 | 39.88 |
| Middle-high | 8.93 | 9.26 | 28.47 | 24.34 |
| High | 0.76 | 0.68 | 17.87 | 14.35 |
| Occupation (%) | ||||
| Housewife | – | – | 0.34 | 0.64 |
| Professional | 25.79 | 31.92 | 29.98 | 22.78 |
| Clerical | 21.92 | 22.53 | 20.81 | 20.32 |
| Manual worker | 52.29 | 45.55 | 49.87 | 56.26 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.64 (3.07) | 24.61 (3.04) | 23.82 (3.33) | 26.00 (3.76) |
| BMI (%) | ||||
| Less than 18.5 | 4.49 | 1.48 | 3.58 | 1.30 |
| 18.5–24.0 | 50.79 | 43.23 | 51.82 | 29.08 |
| 24.0–28.0 | 37.01 | 41.47 | 33.83 | 42.39 |
| Greater than 28 | 7.71 | 13.83 | 10.77 | 27.23 |
| Smoking status (%) | ||||
| Never smokers | 29.69 | 38.16 | 97.47 | 95.25 |
| Former smokers | 10.29 | 17.33 | ||
| Current smokers | 60.02 | 44.51 | 2.59‡ | 4.75‡ |
| Physical activity (MET h/week) | 59.56 (34.03) | 61.04 (35.83) | 107.00 (45.30) | 102.50 (43.31) |
| Ever alcohol intake (%) | 34.82 | 29.03 | 2.29 | 1.87 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 8029.80 (2029.10) | 7481.00 (1929.50) | 7033.90 (1681.10) | 6845.10 (1842.40) |
| Fruit intake (g/day) | 155.10 (125.00) | 98.58 (110.50) | 271.90 (178.30) | 187.90 (175.30) |
| Vegetable intake (g/day) | 341.20 (190.10) | 373.20 (218.40) | 295.70 (168.70) | 305.70 (188.70) |
| Family history of cancer (%) | 28.27 | 30.03 | 26.48 | 26.61 |
| Postmenopausal (%) | – | – | 46.27 | 76.58 |
| HRT use (%) | – | – | 2.07 | 2.10 |
*Continuous variables are presented as the mean (the SD).
†Low: less than ¥10 000 per family per year for women and less than ¥1000 per person per month for men; low to middle: ¥10 000–19 999 per family per year for women and ¥1000–3000 per person per month for men; middle to high: ¥20 000–29 999 per family per year for women and ¥3000–5000 per person per month for men; high: greater than ¥30 000 per family per year for women and more than ¥5000 per person per month for men.
‡Owing to the small number of smokers among women, the number of current and former smokers was combined.
BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; MET, metabolic equivalents (1 MET h=15 min of moderate intensity activity).