White British N=3503 | All Pakistani births N=3656 | Pakistani subgroups defined by place of birth of parents | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pakistani: Woman and partner UK born† N=383 | Pakistani: Woman UK born, partner SA born† N=992 | Pakistani: Partner UK born, woman SA born† N=876 | Pakistani: Woman and partner SA born† N=1060 | Pakistani: other N=345 | |||
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy | |||||||
Number (%) | 239 (7) | 188 (5) | 16 (4) | 51 (5) | 43 (5) | 66 (6) | 12 (3) |
Unadjusted OR | 1 | 0.74 (0.61 to 0.90) | 0.59 (0.35 to 0.99) | 0.74 (0.54 to 1.01) | 0.70 (0.51 to 0.98) | 0.91 (0.68 to 1.20) | 0.49 (0.27 to 0.89) |
Adjusted OR: model 1* | 1 | 0.82 (0.67 to 1.01) | 0.62 (0.37 to 1.04) | 0.82 (0.59 to 1.12) | 0.85 (0.61 to 1.19) | 0.99 (0.74 to 1.33) | 0.56 (0.31 to 1.01) |
Adjusted OR: model 2‡ | 1 | 0.82 (0.64 to 1.04) | 0.62 (0.36 to 1.06) | 0.81 (0.58 to 1.13) | 0.87 (0.59 to 1.29) | 1.01 (0.73 to 1.40) | 0.56 (0.31 to 1.03) |
Adjusted OR: model 3§ | 1 | 0.87 (0.67 to 1.13) | 0.78 (0.45 to 1.35) | 0.80 (0.56 to 1.14) | 1.06 (0.70 to 1.61) | 1.06 (0.75 to 1.49) | 0.57 (0.31 to 1.06) |
Gestational diabetes | |||||||
Number (%) | 172 (5) | 406 (11) | 30 (8) | 96 (10) | 92 (11) | 159 (15) | 29 (8) |
Unadjusted OR | 1 | 2.42 (2.01 to 2.91) | 1.65 (1.09 to 2.46) | 2.07 (1.59 to 2.69) | 2.27 (1.74 to 2.96) | 3.42 (2.72 to 4.29) | 1.78 (1.18 to 2.68) |
Adjusted OR: model 1* | 1 | 2.41 (1.98 to 2.94) | 1.66 (1.10 to 2.49) | 2.07 (1.58 to 2.71) | 2.54 (1.92 to 3.35) | 3.01 (2.36 to 3.83) | 2.24 (1.47 to 3.41) |
Adjusted OR: model 2‡ | 1 | 2.28 (1.82 to 2.86) | 1.66 (1.09 to 2.53) | 1.98 (1.49 to 2.64) | 2.47 (1.79 to 3.39) | 2.89 (2.20 to 3.82) | 2.21 (1.44 to 3.40) |
Adjusted OR: model 3§ | 1 | 2.38 (1.86 to 3.03) | 1.89 (1.23 to 2.92) | 1.98 (1.46 to 2.67) | 2.82 (2.01 to 3.97) | 3.04 (2.27 to 4.08) | 2.29 (1.47 to 3.56) |
Fasting glucose Mean (SD) | 4.41 (0.41) | 4.62 (0.62) | 4.54 (0.47) | 4.58 (0.64) | 4.54 (0.48) | 4.73 (0.76) | 4.60 (0.53) |
Unadjusted mean difference | 0 | 0.20 (0.18 to 0.23) | 0.13 (0.08 to 0.19) | 0.17 (0.14 to 0.21) | 0.13 (0.09 to 0.17) | 0.32 (0.29 to 0.36) | 0.19 (0.13 to 0.25) |
Adjusted mean difference: model 1* | 0 | 0.18 (0.16 to 0.21) | 0.12 (0.06 to 0.17) | 0.15 (0.11 to 0.19) | 0.12 (0.09 to 0.16) | 0.27 (0.24 to 0.31) | 0.22 (0.16 to 0.27) |
Adjusted mean difference: model 2‡ | 0 | 0.18 (0.15 to 0.21) | 0.12 (0.06 to 0.18) | 0.15 (0.11 to 0.19) | 0.12 (0.07 to 0.16) | 0.27 (0.23 to 0.31) | 0.22 (0.16 to 0.27) |
Adjusted mean difference: model 3§ | 0 | 0.20 (0.17 to 0.24) | 0.17 (0.12 to 0.23) | 0.16 (0.12 to 0.19) | 0.17 (0.12 to 0.21) | 0.29 (0.25 to 0.33) | 0.23 (0.17 to 0.29) |
Postload glucose | |||||||
Mean (SD) | 5.47 (1.30) | 5.89 (1.68) | 5.59 (1.35) | 5.81 (1.58) | 5.82 (1.50) | 6.12 (2.02) | 5.73 (1.45) |
Unadjusted mean difference | 0 | 0.42 (0.35 to 0.49) | 0.12 (−0.04 to 0.28) | 0.34 (0.23 to 0.45) | 0.35 (0.24 to 0.46) | 0.72 (0.62 to 0.83) | 0.26 (0.09 to 0.42) |
Adjusted mean difference: model 1* | 0 | 0.37 (0.29 to 0.44) | 0.08 (−0.07 to 0.24) | 0.29 (0.18 to 0.39) | 0.35 (0.24 to 0.46) | 0.58 (0.48 to 0.69) | 0.35 (0.19 to 0.51) |
Adjusted mean difference: model 2‡ | 0 | 0.35 (0.27 to 0.43) | 0.10 (−0.06 to 0.26) | 0.28 (0.17 to 0.39) | 0.33 (0.20 to 0.46) | 0.56 (0.44 to 0.68) | 0.34 (0.18 to 0.51) |
Adjusted mean difference: model 3§ | 0 | 0.37 (0.28 to 0.45) | 0.18 (0.02 to 0.34) | 0.27 (0.16 to 0.38) | 0.39 (0.26 to 0.52) | 0.57 (0.45 to 0.69) | 0.35 (0.18 to 0.52) |
Fasting insulin Mean (SD) | 81.40 (46.72) | 100.28 (62.76) | 92.66 (65.59) | 100.76 (56.46) | 91.75 (49.04) | 106.11 (68.84) | 111.09 (81.89) |
Unadjusted mean difference | 0 | 18.88 (16.31 to 21.45) | 11.26 (5.42 to 17.09) | 19.36 (15.46 to 23.26) | 10.36 (6.26 to 14.45) | 24.71 (20.91 to 28.51) | 29.69 (23.58 to 35.81) |
Adjusted mean difference: model 1* | 0 | 18.08 (15.42 to 20.74) | 10.98 (5.13 to 16.82) | 18.59 (14.64 to 22.54) | 9.67 (5.51 to 13.83) | 23.36 (19.43 to 27.30) | 29.69 (23.55 to 35.82) |
Adjusted mean difference: model 2‡ | 0 | 21.29 (18.13 to 24.45) | 14.01 (7.95 to 20.08) | 20.62 (16.40 to 24.83) | 13.53 (8.73 to 18.34) | 25.24 (20.89 to 29.59) | 32.01 (25.72 to 38.31) |
Adjusted mean difference: model 3§ | 0 | 25.71 (22.73 to 28.69) | 24.44 (19.03 to 29.86) | 21.29 (17.47 to 25.13) | 23.27 (18.86 to 27.68) | 29.03 (25.04 to 33.02) | 34.79 (29.18 to 40.39) |
*Adjusted for maternal age; parity.
†All four parents of the woman and her partner South Asian (SA) born.
‡Adjusted for maternal age; parity; employment status; level of education, receipt of means tested benefits; housing tenure.
§Adjusted for maternal age; parity; employment status; level of education, receipt of means tested benefits; housing tenure; early pregnancy body mass index; smoking in pregnancy.