Table 2

Summary of the results when only never-takers were allowed (treatment effect=30)

Scenario	Method	All or none				Partial non-compliance
Scenario	Method	Estimate	Bias	MSE	Coverage (%)	Estimate	Bias	MSE	Coverage (%)
Random	ITT	18	−12	145	0	18	−12	145	0
	AT	28	−2	7	36	30	0	1	94
	PP	28	−2	4	65	30	0	1	94
	IV	30	0	2	95	30	0	2	95
	CACE	30	0	2	95	33	3	12	36
C	ITT	10	−20	389	0	10	−20	387	0
	AT	30	0	1	94	32	2	5	60
	PP	29	−1	3	76	30	0	2	96
	IV	25	−5	33	35	25	−5	31	38
	CACE	26	−4	15	34	30	0	3	94
E	ITT	15	−15	239	0	15	−15	241	0
	AT	26	−4	16	9	28	−2	5	63
	PP	28	−2	6	61	30	0	2	94
	IV	35	5	32	41	35	5	31	39
	CACE	34	4	16	32	36	6	4	8

AT, as treated; CACE, complier average casual effect; ITT, intention to treat; IV, instrumental variable; MSE, mean square error; PP, per protocol.